Osteoporosis

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Osteoporosis

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a systematic skeletal disease distinguished by low bone density with micro-architectural deterioration of bone and fragile bone

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Another name for osteoporosis

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silent disease

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Dr. Ghosh Spring 2023 - Exam 2

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49 Terms

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Osteoporosis

a systematic skeletal disease distinguished by low bone density with micro-architectural deterioration of bone and fragile bone

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Another name for osteoporosis

silent disease

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Effects of osteoporosis

  • inhibits ossification
  • causes the spine to collapse
  • fractures
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Ossification

bone formation

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How many Americans have low bone density?

43 million

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How many Americans have osteoporosis?

10 million

Men account for 2+ million

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Commonality of osteoporosis

3x more common in women than men (specifically athletes)

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Why are women more prone to osteoporosis?

drop in estrogen after menopause and the higher life expectancy compared to men

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Most common fractures

wrist, spine, and hip

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Mineral associated with osteoporosis

calcium

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Osteoblast

bone-forming cells

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Osteoclast

bone resorption cells

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Ratio of osteoblasts to osteoclasts

balanced (it is essential to remodel bone throughout life)

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How many women are prone to bone fractures after age 50?

1/2 (50%)

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How many men are prone to bone fractures after age 50?

1/4 (25%); suffer twice the 1 year mortality

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Most serious fracture

Hip

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Number of hip fractures that lead to hospitalization each year

300,000 annually

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Number of people with a hip fracture and end up in a nursing home within a year

1 out of 5

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Causes of osteoporosis

smoking, heavy drinking, menopause or ovary removal, age older than 50, family history, physical inactivity, low intake of vitamins, low-calcium diet, extensive use of corticosteroids, small frame, and white or asian individuals

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Lifestyle changes to improve bone health and reduce fractures

  • Calcium, Vitamin D, and Balance food intake
    • exercise, smoking cessation, less alcohol, and medications
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Guideline for sufficient calcium

1,000-1,300 mg/day with weight-bearing activities

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Nutrients vital for bone health

calcium, vitamin D, protein, potassium, vitamin K, and magnesium

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Calcium rich foods

cheese, leafy green vegetables, low fat milk, salmon, sardines, tofu, and yogurt

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Where does most of our calcium come from?

milk and dairy products

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Most common sources of calcium

milk, cereal, raw broccoli, orange juice, and baked beans

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What can interfere with calcium metabolism?

excessive fiber, excessive sodium, unbalance high-protein diets, carbonated soda

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What increases the urinary excretion of calcium?

unbalanced high-protein diets and high sodium

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Vitamin D needs for:

(1) up to 50 years old

(2) 51-70 years old

(3) over 70 years old

  1. 200 iu

  2. 400 iu

    1. 600 iu
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Vitamin-D rich foods

fish oil, herring, catfish, raw oysters, salmon, and salt water fish

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Where is most of our vitamin D obtained?

through the direct exposure of sun

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What does the amount of vitamin D depend on?

time od day, season, latitude, and skin pigmentation

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Recommended amount of time to sun exposure

10-15 minutes 2-3x week

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Types of exercise that improve bone strength

weight-bearing exercise and muscle-strengthening exercise

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Weight-bearing exercise

makes an individual work against gravity while being upright

i.e. brisk walking

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Muscle-strengthening exercise

move our body

i.e. weights, resistance against gravity

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Examples of high-impact weight-bearing exercises

dancing, aerobics, hiking, jogging/running, jumping, stair climbing, tennis, and volleyball

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Examples of low-impact weight-bearing exercises

elliptical training machines, aerobics, walking on a treadmill, walking on level surfaces

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Recommended amount of weight-bearing exercise for children/adolescents

60 min of moderate to vigorous every day w/ high impact

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Recommended amount of weight-bearing exercise for adults

150 min of moderate or 75 min per week of vigorous

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Recommended amount of weight-bearing exercise for older adults

same as adults but adapted as needed based on health

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Examples of muscle-strengthening exercises

weight machines, hand/ankle weights, elastic exercise bands, moving against gravity

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Recommendations for strength training

2-3 days/week

1-3 set x 8-12 exercises

hard enough to fatigue by 8-10 repetitions

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Spine fractures effects

pain, stooped posture, loss of height, difficulty breathing, and decreased self-esteem

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5 prevention steps

  1. get the daily recommends amounts of calcium and vitamin D
  2. engage in regular weight-bearing exercise
  3. avoid smoking and alcohol
  4. talk to a physician
  5. bone density test and take medication when appropriate
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Bone health building blocks

calcium, vitamin D, exercise, fall prevention, gain weight, and stop smoking

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Risk factors for osteoporosis in women

loss of estrogen, history of oligomenorrhea and amenorrhea, and post-menopause

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Oligomenorrhea

irregular menstrual cycles

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Amenorrhea

cessation of regular menstrual flow

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Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)

adding estrogen and progestin increases the risk for disease