Studied by 400 people
chapter 11 & 21
types of biodiversity
species
ecosystem
genetic
species diversity
number of species in a given area
ecosystem diversity
different climactic cords in a given area
genetic diversity
number of alleles in a gene pool for a populations
3 things that affect species richness
solar energy
evolutionary history
disturbances
species richness: solar energy
closer to the equator = more species diversity
species richness: evolutionary history
the longer a species have been established in an area, the more complex + healthier the interspecific interactions / coevolutionary relationships
species richness: disturbances
regular/ moderate disturbances support the most species diversity
species richness: biogeographic hotspots
regions with high species diversity but most important high incidence of endemic species
endemic species
species found there but nowhere else on the planet
threatened species
@ risk of becoming endangered in the forseable future
endangered
@ risk of being extirpated or extinct in the foreseeable future
extirpated
no longer present in part of its historical range
extinct
no longer in existence
background extinction occurs at a …… rate
constant
what are the factors of extinction events
small pop size
small geographic range
niche is specific
mass extinction is ..% of higher taxa
50%
higher taxa means …… species level
above, so
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus
threats to biodiversity
global warming
habitat loss
overharvesting
introduction of exotic species
removal of natural predators
how is global warming a threat to biodiversity?
when species spread out of historic range and enter new areas where they have no evolutionary history, these animals bring new diseases
how is habitat loss a threat to biodiversity?
this is bad for nature
closer contact with disease carrying agents, if you remove the host, they seek a new host
how does over harvesting a threat to biodiversity?
this affects wild populations
this interrupts coevolutionary relationships (fish)
how is the introduction of exotic species a threat to biodiversity?
it disturbs coevolutionary relations = competitive exclusion
pythons in zoos (in florida)
cats → hunt for fun, and literally kill everything
how is the removal of natural predators a threat to biodiversity?
disturbs cove relationships
snakes, bobcats, wolves,bears
how to deal with snakes
use ration/ common sense
appreciate their role in the ecosystem (they kill rodents)
appreciate how human health benefits
!!!! LEAVE THEM ALONE !!!!
explain society in middle dark ages
God + Pope + Church are the ultimate authority
king is appointed by God
your socioeconomic position is the will of God
the Bible is written in latin and most people can’t read or speak it
the church condones torture to certain confessions
525
this is known as Benedicts rule
all of the monks are req to make copies of the Bible
750
Charlemagne established schools in the abbeys (monasteries), so the rich get educated
1250
islamic people enter Spain from north Africa, reintroduce the wisdom of Ancient Greece to Europe
1400-1600
this Is the renaissance and reformation period
this is the rebirth of learning
humanist movement
you have the power to change your destiny/ position through education
reformation makes ppl see discrepancies between what the church does
takes place during the reformation period
what movement lead to the protestant reformation?
the humanist movement
1600
age of reason and enlightenment
Thomas paine
reason is the ultimate authority
seek God’s divine order in nature
which time period introduced the scientist naturalist and theologian roles?
enlightenment period
Ancient Greek scale of nature
this is a classification system based on importance
examples of the Ancient Greek scale of nature:
gods
people
fish
potatoes
cattle
chicken
goats
wheat
Carl Yvonne linne
creates a new classification system based on God’s divine order in nature
this was based on anatomical similarities and differences
he’s right most of the time
Darwin later adopts the concept “relatedness of species”
“relatedness of species”
a term Darwin adopted based on carl Yvonne lines classification system
Hutton
geologist
adopted the concept of gradualism
gradualism
large geographic features are the product of natural process occurring @ a slow and constant rate (Grand Canyon)
this removes the supernatural element
this proposed the earth is more older than we thought
jean baptiste Lamarck
1st person to propose a mechanism 4 evolution
use and disuse traits
inheritance of acquired characters
use and disuse (Lamarck)
traits that aren’t necessary become vestiges (during the lifetime of an org)
inheritance of acquired characters
these traits are passed on to their offspring
Cuvier
he collected and studied fossils from plaster mines and he noticed that each layer of the mines has a distinct fossil community
catastrophism
1st person to suggest a species can go extinct, which Darwin will use later
catastrophism
God wipes out existing communities and replaces it with new creation
Lyell
he was a geologist
modifies huttons gradualism
introduced the idea of uniformitarianism
uniformitarianism
large geographic feature are the product of natural process that occur slowly at a constant rate that continue to this day
Darwin studied …. when he was in med school
beetles
after Darwin quit med school he went to …. school
divinity
when Darwin went to divinity school he adopts what role?
scientist/ naturalist/ theologian role
Darwin joined the voyage of the …
Beagle
Darwin joined the voyage of the Beagle as the ….. to the captain
companion
what did Darwin see on his voyage?
they ended up in S. America
He noticed that the plants, animals, and fossils weren’t anything like the creatures in Europe
Darwin noticed that plants, animals, and fossils are more similar to each other than anything occupying a similar niche in Europe
he saw earthquakes, landslides, and volcanic eruption ( saw dramatic change to the coastline)
what did Darwin notice in the Galapagos?
islands may be great places to see evolution occurring (small scale)
Darwin notice in the Galapagos that islands may be great places to see evolution occurring (small scale) IF
its far enough from the mainland to prevent back and forth traffic
its the right size
large enough to support a pop, small enough that the pop reaches K (carrying capacity fairly quickly)
Darwin collected …. in the Galapagos
finches
what did Darwin notice about the finches on the multiple islands?
Darwins observations (1&2 Galapagos)
all pops have the reproductive ability to increase in size over the generations
eventually, there will be more orgs in a population than the available resources can provide for
Darwins observations (3&4 Galapagos)
within a pop, most individuals have the same traits, which are heritable
these traits occur in slightly varied forms (polymorphisms)
Darwins 1st intereference (Galapagos)
individuals within a population will eventually compete for resources
Darwin’s conclusion (Galapagos)
the individuals with differential repro success (int 2) will produce more offspring that carry the alles that confer this advantage
Darwins 2nd interference (Galapagos)
some phenotypes give and advantage to the individual which means that there is an increased change of survival
Wallace
studied 4 several years in the pacific and independently developed the same hypothesis as Darwin
he publishes in 1859
Darwin punished in 1860 and darwijngets the credit
when we look at changes we look at ….
populations
they show change over time
three categories of evolution
micro
macro
artificial selection
micro evolution
a shift in allele frequency in a pop
this is something we can see because it is small scale
most likely won’t result in a new species
if it does, it would be something small like red woodpecker yellow woodpecker
macro evolution
an accumulation of mircro evolution events that result in a large scale change
we can’t see bc it takes too long
(dino → bird)
class → class (high order bc its above species level)
artificial selection
people breed plants/animals to amplify traits that they find desirable
horses - we bred them to pull cattle, now we just ride
plants- we turned mustard seed to cabbage, broccoli, Brussels
no new species
mechanisms for microevolution
natural selection
mutation
gene flow
non-random mating
genetic drift
non-random mating
natural selection (mechanisms for microevolution)
an org that has an advantage in foraging, hunting, camp, or predative arrangements
lives longer + produces more offspring
carries advantagoues trait
mutation (mechanisms for microevolution)
occur @ constant rate in order for a mutation to occur/enter in a pop, must be a copying area in miosis
typically neutral effect but can also be positive or negative
hox genes
hox genes
genes that control embryonic development in animals
very similar in all animals
scientist propose that all the animals diversity on the planet is due to mutations within the hox genes
gene flow (mechanisms for microevolution)
orgs enter + leave populations, taking their genes with them
genetic drift (mechanisms for microevolution)
a random event changes the gene pool
pop size is reduced + the new gene pool differs dramatically from the parent (where you came from) gene pool
bottle neck + fonder effect
bottle neck
most of the population dies
(cheetas)
founder effect
a segment of a population is separated from the main pop
possums and finches
3 types of non-random mating
male competition
female mate choice
sexual selection
male competition (non-random mating)
males compete to determine hierarchy
the dominant male mates those traits get passed on
female mate choice (non-random mating)
females choose the best males
sexual selection (non-random mating)
trait confers increased reproductive output + either:
doesn’t affect survivorship
negatively affects survivorship
sexual dimorphism
sexual dimorphism
male and female look different without looking at genetalia
fossil record
a chronology of life on earth when ancient orgs lived on earth
fossil
any representation of life on earth- when ancient orgs lived on earth
body fossil
represent the body of the org (anatomy)
trace fossil
non body evidence of life
the environment (in ancient times)
paleoecology
the study of ancient env
fossilization process
org must die in such a manner that the carcass is protected from scavengers
soft tissue is eaten by bacteria
millions of years pass by, soil accumulates on top the weight of the soil forces organic materials on top of the bones , minerals from the soil replace the organic materials
millions of years pass and erosion can expose them in the air
t or f: fossilization is very common
false- fossilization is is uncommon
a pop that is represented by fossils was probably …… (small/large) and ……. (healthy/unhealthy)
large
healthy
successful at foraging, camouflage, etc
a population that is represented by fossils was at its evolutionary …… when fossilized
peak
how are fossils dated?
relative
radiometric dating
relative dating
based on the rock layer that the fossil is in
ex: jurassic, cretaceous, upper lower etc
or
they can compare fossil location to index fossils
index fossils
those (fossils) of a known age (younger/older)
radiometric dating
this is carbondating
when an org dies, its C14 continues to decay, since the atmosphere has a constant ratio of c12 and c14, the orgs make the ratio change
scientists can determine the c12 and c14 ratio in dead and organic material and calc when the org dies
problem with radiometric dating
in fossilized bones, most of the organic matter is gone and the carbon ratios can’t be determined so INSTEAD we use radioactive elements (volcanic ash, potassium. 4) to date the soil around the bones
what do fossils show us?
we can see anatomical features over time
wegener
he was a meteorologist
served in ww1
mapped The Atlantic Ocean floor
mid Atlantic ridge
proposed cont-drift
he died trying to prove his theories
mid atlantic ridge
saw that Europe, North America, Africa, line up here
continental drift
continents floar on the crust and plow thru the crust like a ship plowing through ice
plate techtonics
this was studied by alfred wegner, but this is our modern definition
basically states that continents are apart of the crust
the crust is divided into large touching plates that are in constant motion
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Flashcard (107)