Urinalysis AES Notes


1. **ureter**- attached to each of the two kidneys, muscular tube, uses peristalsis to move the urine to the bladder
2. **bladder**- hollow muscular sac. receives and stores urine
3. **kidney functions**- filters blood to remove waste products from it, excrete waste products from the body, maintenance of blood pressure (blood pressure- how much force heart has to pump to transport blood around the body & electrolytes balance & blood pH- acid base balance, hydro-regulation
4. **kidneys structure**- two bean-shaped organs on either side of the vertebral column (cortex &)
5. **kidney nephrons**- tiny structures in the kidneys made up of glomerulus, bowman’s capsules, convoluted tubules, collecting tubules
6. **urine**- aqueous waste product of human body’s metabolism of food, forms in nephrons of kidneys, contains urea, uric acid, creatinine (byproducts of proteins), ammonia (main byproduct of amino acids). salts, & mainly water as a solvent,
7. **random urine specimen**- collected at any time of day or night; doesn’t yield consistent results
8. **mid-stream urine specimen**- middle of urine stream
9. **first void urine specimen**- first urine of the day, best bc concentrated
10. **refrigerate urine**- what to do if unable to analyze urine specimen immediately
11. **2 hrs**- how long should urine be refrigerated
12. **decomposes**- what happens if urine is left out
13. **750-1500 ml/day-** normal urine volume range
14. **1200-1500 ml-** average urine volume range
15. **polyuria**- > 2500 ml/day (alcohol, caffeine, diuretic drugs, diabetes)
16. **oliguria**- < minimum range (dehydration, shock, renal failure, kidney stones, enlarged prostate)
17. **anuria**- no urine (renal failure)
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Urine Color Range
19. **normal**- straw-amber, avg: light to dark yellow, clear
20. **red**- presence of blood
21. **orange-gold-** bilirubin (liver damage)
22. **white**- pus, bacteria, UTI
23. **black**- malaria, malignant, melanoma
24. **cloudy/turbid**- WBC, bacteria, epithelial cells
25. **hazy**- mucous
26. **smokey**- RBCs
27. **milky**- fat, chyle (fat droplets)

red: fire

yellow: uncontrolled individual/threatening situation

blue: respiratory

green: designated people report to designated area

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1. **specific gravity**- indicates ability of kidney to concentrate urine (1.003-1.035, avg 1.015-1.025)
2. **hyposthenia- S.G. below 1.007 (hypertension, diabetes)**
3. **hypersthenuria**- S.G. above 1.030 (proteinuria)
4. **hyperglycemia**- high level of glucose inside the blood
5. **70-120 mg/dl**- normal fasting blood glucose
6. **renal threshold**- for glucose: 160-180 mg/dl: max amount of of glc that can be reabsorbed from renal filtrate, back into the blood stream
7. **glycosuria**- due to hyperglycemia, when higher than renal threshold
8. **diabetes mellitus**- most common disease associated with hyperglycemia + glycosuria, condition in which insulin is defective or produced in reduced amounts. Symptoms: polyuria, polydipsia polyphagia
9. **Insulin**- produced by B cells in pancreas, allows glucose to enter cells, to produce energy necessary for cellular growth + metabolism, lack = hyperglycemia
10. **ketones**- substances formed from fats, when CH is not available, the body uses fats, then proteins as sources of energy. Fats (lipid molecules) produce fatty acids and glycerol which produce 3 ketones that can be detected in the urine.
11. **severe ketosis**- when insulin levels becomes out of control due to failure to take insulin, trauma. anxiety. pregnancy, infection. Patient becomes drowsy, dull, unconscious, may lapse into coma
12. **ketonuria**- ketones in urine
13. **acetest tablet:** sodium nitroprusside detects acetone and diacetic acid
14. **ketonemia**- excess of ketones in the blood, 2.0-40 mg/dl
15. **acidosis**- condition in which pH of blood drops, becomes more acidic
16. **ketoacidosis/ketosis**: when acidosis due to excess of ketones
17. **ketosis**- when no glucose is available, body breaks down fats for energy. ketones build up in the blood, resulting in this. diabetes mellitus, fad diet, starvation, vomiting, + diarrhea causes this
18. **neurotoxicity**- activity in the brain is depressed, can result in coma. and even death. pH of blood drops, respiration is adversely affected
19. **proteinuria**: “proteins in urine, significant indicator of renal disease.

\- causes glomerular damage (walls pf capillaries become more permeable and allow large molecules to pass through into urine filtrate). conditions associated with this: hypertension, diabetes mellitus, toxemia of pregnancy, UTI, glomerulonephritis (inflammation of glomerulus in nephrons)”
20. **Liver**: functions to help support metabolism, immunity, digestion, detoxification, vitamin storage (water soluble/lipid soluble)


1. **@@bile production@@**: helps in absorption, digestion, and excretion of lipid molecules.
2. **==fat-soluble vitamins==********:** storage and metabolism. Vit A.D.E.K.
3. **==drug metabolism==**==:== and detoxification
4. \*\*==bilirubin ==\*\*metabolism for excretion
5. synthesis of **==plasma proteins==**: albumin, globulins, protein C

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21. **Bilituin & Uribinogen**


1. products of RBC’s catabolism
2. RBC avg lifespan: 90-120 days
3. RBC’s→ Hemoglobin → Heme & globin → bilirubin
4. Jaundice: excess of biliburin in blood
5. jaundice: sin, sclera, and bail bed become yellow
6. bilirubin is neurotoxic


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| types of jjaundice | URINE BILIRUBINU | URINE UROBILI | CONDITIONS |
|----|----|----|----|
| healthy | - | normal | n/a |
| pre hep | - | + | more RBC’s destroyed than normal |
| post hep | + | below normal | gallstones, tumors, spasms |
| hepatic | + | + | hepatic, cirrhosis, liver cancer infections. mononcleosis |

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robot