Urinalysis AES Notes

Insulin

________- produced by B cells in pancreas, allows glucose to enter cells, to produce energy necessary for cellular growth + metabolism, lack= hyperglycemia.

Neurotoxicity

________- activity in the brain is depressed, can result in coma.

Specific gravity

________- indicates ability of kidney to concentrate urine.

aqueous waste product

Urine- ________ of human bodys metabolism of food, forms in nephrons of kidneys, contains urea, uric acid, creatinine (byproducts of proteins), ammonia (main byproduct of amino acids)

Oliguria minimum range

________ (dehydration, shock, renal failure, kidney stones, enlarged prostate)

Ureter

________- attached to each of the two kidneys, muscular tube, uses peristalsis to move the urine to the bladder.

Decomposes

________- what happens if urine is left out.

Proteinuria

________- proteins in urine, significant indicator of renal disease.

Glycosuria

________- due to hyperglycemia, when higher than renal threshold.

Ketonuria

________- ketones in urine.

Fats

________ (lipid molecules) produce fatty acids and glycerol which produce 3 ketones that can be detected in the urine.

Diabetes

________ mellitus- most common disease associated with hyperglycemia + glycosuria, condition in which insulin is defective or produced in reduced amounts.

Kidney functions

________- filters blood to remove waste products from it, excrete waste products from the body, maintenance of blood pressure (blood pressure- how much force heart has to pump to transport blood around the body & electrolytes balance & blood pH- acid base balance, hydro- regulation.

Ketonemia

________- excess of ketones in the blood, 2.0- 40 mg /dl.

Acetest tablet

________: sodium nitroprusside detects acetone and diacetic acid.

Kidney

________ nephrons- tiny structures in the kidneys made up of glomerulus, bowmans capsules, convoluted tubules, collecting tubules.

Ketosis

________- when no glucose is available, body breaks down fats for energy.

Acidosis

________- condition in which pH of blood drops, becomes more acidic.

Ketones substances

________ formed from fats, when CH is not available, the body uses fats, then proteins as sources of energy.

Ketoacidosis ketosis

when acidosis due to excess of ketones.

glomerular damage

Causes (walls pf capillaries become more permeable and allow large molecules to pass through into urine filtrate)

normal- straw-amber, avg

light to dark yellow, clear

hyposthenia

S.G. below 1.007 (hypertension, diabetes)

Symptoms

polyuria, polydipsia polyphagia

acetest tablet

sodium nitroprusside detects acetone and diacetic acid

ketoacidosis/ketosis

- when acidosis due to excess of ketones
- conditions associated with this: hypertension, diabetes mellitus, toxemia of pregnancy, UTI, glomerulonephritis (inflammation of glomerulus in nephrons)

red

blood in piss looks

orange/gold

liver damage/bilibubin in piss looks

white

pus, bacteria, UTI in piss looks

black

malaria, malignant melanoma in piss looks

cloudy/turbid

WBC, bacteria, epitheliaal cells

hazy

mucous in piss looks

smokey

RBC's in piss looks

milky

fat, chyle in piss looks

anuria

no amount of urine produced

oliguria

the production of abnormally small amounts of urine.