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Define anabolic pathways
use small compounds to build larger ones
Define catabolic pathways
breakdown large compounds into smaller ones
results in the release of CO2, H2O and ATP
Which pathway uses energy
Anabolic
Which pathway produces energy
Catabolic
Energy currency of the cell
ATP
Anaerobic metabolism makes how many ATP
2
Aerobic metabolism makes how many ATP
30-32
In cellular respiration ETC what is the role of oxygen
it is the final electron acceptor
Where does glycolysis occur?
cytosol
Starting products for glycolysis
glucose
ending products of glycolysis
pyruvate
Does glycolysis require oxygen?
no
Is glycolysis reversible
yes
What are the two fates of pyruvate?
Lactate- anaerobic conditions
Acetyl CoA- aerobic conditions
is pyruvate to acetyl CoA reversible?
No
What happens to most citric acid cycle intermediates?
they get oxidized- lose electrons
What is the major role of the ETC
primary site of ATP production
Major metabolic products of the ETC
CO2
ATP
Water
When does anaerobic metabolism occur
Oxygen isn’t present
Cells do not have mitochondria
What does glycolysis convert glucose to anaerobically
pyruvate
Another name for fatty acid oxidation
Beta-oxidation
How is acetyl CoA created
fatty acids are cleaved 2 carbons at a time
Why is Acetyl CoA better than glucose?
It has more carbon-carbon bonds and allows more ATP to be produced
What do cells synthesize from pyruvate? What is it made from?
oxaloacetate
carbs or amino acids
What does a low carb consumption do?
decreases oxaloacetate production and slows TCA cycle
What created ketone bodies
Build-up of acetyl CoA
two types of protein metabolism and what they do
Glucogenic Amino acids- carbon skeleton used to form glucose
Ketogenic Amino Acids- carbon skeleton is used to for acetyl CoA (cannot be converted to glucose)
How are the deaminated amino groups excreted?
urea
Excess consumption beyond body’s kcal requirements from ANY energy-yielding nutrient will contribute to an increase in…
total body fat
During initial fasting, the body fuels itself with glucose from…
glycogen and fatty acids
If fasting for long term, the body adapts to use less… and use more…
glucose
ketone bodies
What water soluble vitamin can be stored for several months in the liver?
Cobalamin (B12)
What water-soluble vitamins can cause some toxicity?
Niacin (B3)
Pyridoxine (B6)
Vitamin C
What are all the water-soluble vitamins
Thiamin (B1)
Riboflavin (B2)
Niacin (B3)
Pantothenic acid (B5)
Pyridoxine (B6)
Cobalamin (B12)
Biotin (B7)
Folate (B9)
Vitamin C
What do coenzymes do?
activate enzymes
How are water-soluble vitamins excreted?
via the kidneys in urine
What water-soluble vitamins provide energy
Thiamin (B1)
Riboflavin (B2)
Niacin (B3)
What can destroy water-soluble vitamins
cooking, heat, light, air and alkaline substances
what techniques can preserve water-soluble vitamins?
stir-fry, steam, microwave, limit water and heat exposure
What vitamins are involved in neurotransmitter synthesis
Niacin (B3), Pyridoxine (B6), folate, vitamin C
Coenzyme form of Thiamin (B1)
Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP)
What is the function of Thiamin (B1)
decarboxylation
Good food source of Thiamin
Pork
What does TPP participate in?
glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
Thiamin deficiency that affects the peripheral nervous system and muscular systems
BeriBeri
Thiamin deficiency that affects the central nervous system
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
Two coenzyme forms of Riboflavin (B2)
Flavin mononucleotide (FMN)
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
What B vitamin is light sensitive
Riboflavin (B2)
Good food source of Riboflavin
Milk
What is riboflavin’s role in TCA cycle
oxidation and reduction reactions
Riboflavin deficiency
Ariboflavinosis (cracked tissues around the mouth)
Two coenzyme forms of Niacin (B3)
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP)
Niacin deficiency
Pellagra
Niacin deficiency symptoms
Diarrhea
Dermatitis
Dementia
Death
Niacin toxicity side effects
Tingling (painful)
Flushing of skin
GI tract upset
Liver damage
What is a component of Coenzyme A that is needed to form Acetyl CoA
Pantothenic Acid
What Coenzyme participates in carboxylation?
Biotin
Good food sources of Pantothenic Acid
Widespread in foods
Good food sources of Biotin
Widespread in foods
Active coenzyme form of Pyridoxine (B6)
Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)
Good food sources of B6
Meat, Poultry, Fish
B6 function in the body
transamination
Coenzyme form of Folate
Tetrahydrofolate (THFA)
Good Food Sources of Folate
Dark green leafy vegetables
What is THFA needed for
1-carbon transfer reactions that are needed for DNA synthesis
Deficiency of Folate
associated with elevated blood levels of homocystine
What type of problems can occur when a woman does not know she is pregnant and has a folate deficiency?
Neural tube defects, such as spina bifida and anencephaly
What foods are good sources of vitamin B12?
foods of animal origin only
functions of vitamin B12 coenzyme
1-carbon transfer reactions necessary for DNA regulation
parietal cells in the stomach release…
intrinsic factor which is used to absorb B12
What is removed by vitamin B12 and why
the methyl group, which donates it to homocysteine for it to become methionine
What population is at risk for vitamin B12 deficiencies
older adults
Deficiency of folate and/or vitamin B12
megaloblastic anemia
Functions of Vitamin C
Antioxidant and collagen synthesis
Good food sources of Vitamin C
citrus fruits and green/red peppers
Deficiency of Vitamin C
Scurvy
What does Scurvy disrupt?
the synthesis of collagen
Two types of vitamin A
provitamin A- carotenoids
preformed vitamin A- Retinal, Retinol, Retinoic acid
Good food sources for Vitamin A/Carotenoids
Sweet potatoes
Functions of Vitamin A
helps Vision
Immune function
Growth and development
How does vitamin A aid in immune function
growth, development, and maintenance of epithelial cells including the mucus-secreting cells
Functions of Carotenoids
Antioxidant properties
Vitamin A deficiency
progression to blindness
What is Vitamin D classified as
a vitamin and a prohormone
Active form of Vitamin D
calcitriol
Precursor to vitamin D
cholesterol
Good food sources for Vitamin D2
fatty fish- sardines and salmon
fortified milk
Where is Vitamin D metabolized? what is it metabolized to?
Kidneys to calcitriol
Functions of calcitriol
maintain blood levels of calcium and phosphorus to maintain bone health
increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus
vitamin D deficiency in children
Rickets
vitamin D deficiency in adults
Osteomalacia
What family is Vitamin E a part of
Tocopherols
Good food sources of vitamin E
Seed oils and almonds
Similar function between Vitamin C and Vitamin E
Antioxidant
What do antioxidants prevent
Free radicals
What does the accumulation of free radicals cause
oxidative stress
Function of vitamin E
stops lipid peroxidation damage to cell membranes
Function of vitamin K
activated blood clotting factors
Food sources of Vitamin K
Dark green leafy vegetables
also synthesized by bacteria in the colon
When choosing a dietary supplement, what should you look for
USP verified mark
Note 
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