APEH Unit 7 Vocab Terms

19th Cent. Perspectives

"The White Man's Burden"

A poem by British poet Rudyard Kipling commenting on American imperialism; it created a phrase used by imperialists to justify the imperialistic actions the U.S. took.

Anti-Semitism

Prejudice, hostility, or legal discrimination against Jews.

Berlin Conference (1884-1885)

a meeting hosted by Otto von Bismarck, in which the industrialized European powers established guidelines for the "carving up" of Africa for colonization; Bismarck had called the conference to maintain peace and stability among the European nations at a time of increased imperialist competition

Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour (1810-1861)

was an Italian statesman and and leading figure in the movement for Italian unification; he wanted to expand the power of his native region of Piedmont and wanted northern Italy unified under a constitutional monarchy; his successes included improved banking, reduced power of the Catholic Church and increased access to education; Piedmont eventually controlled most of northern Italy

Chauvinism

fanatical patriotism or blind enthusiasm for military glory; undue or biased devotion to any group, cause, etc.

Christian Social Party

founded in 1878 in Germany by Adolf Stoecker. The party combined a strong Christian and conservative programme with progressive ideas on labour, and tried to provide an alternative for disillusioned Social Democrat voters. It also focused on the "Jewish question" with a distinct anti-semitic attitude.

Congress of Berlin (1878)

called by Otto von Bismarck to solve the growing tensions in the Balkan states resulting from the Russo-Turkish War; as a result, Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro gained independence and Austria-Hungary took over Bosnia & Herzegovina; this also caused tensions with Russia, who believed that the Congress failed to help the Slavic people

Crimean War (1853-1856)

a conflict that erupted between Russia and the combined forces of the Ottoman Empire, Britain and France (who feared Russian expansion) in the Crimean peninsula; mainly caused by Russian expansionism into Ottoman lands and the freedoms granted to Catholics in the Ottoman Empire instead of Orthodox Christians; the war resulted in the embarrassing defeat of the Russian Empire and exposed the weakness of the Ottoman Empire

Cubism

A radical new departure in early twentieth century Western art. This term was first coined to describe the paintings of Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque.

Dreyfus Affair (1894)

The accusation and trial of Captain Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish-French military officer accused of passing military secrets to Germany; many viewed him as a scapegoat due to his Jewish faith; demonstrated the continued anti-semitic views throughout Europe

Dual Monarchy

an 1867 compromise that established the government of the kingdom of Austria-Hungary under Francis Joseph; this government recognized the political power of the Hungarians, the largest ethnic minority in the empire; the kingdom shared the same ministers for foreign policy, finance and defense, but gave autonomy for Hungary by creating two capitals and official languages.

Fashoda Crisis of 1898

Conflict between France and Britain for control of the Sudan; almost led to war between the two before the French backed down. recognizing the strength of Britain's military and knew they might need British support to deal with Germany in the future

First Balkan War (1912)

an attack on the Ottoman Empire by the combined forces of Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria and Russia to ensure independence for the Ottoman territories in Europe; resulted in a peace settlement that drew political boundaries that created further tensions between the powers

Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882)

Italian revolutionary leader who is considered one of the "fathers" of Italian unification; he lead the Red Shirt army unified most of southern Italy; he handed Naples and all of the southern Italian lands over to King Victor Emmanuel II, who already ruled northern Italy, and resulted in a virtually unified Italy

Impressionism

an artistic movement that emphasized light and color as the true subjects of their work; it reflected the influence of African and Japanese traditions

Indian National Congress

A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I; eventually called for full Indian independence from Great Britain

J.G. Fichte (1762-1814)

German writer who believed that the German spirit was nobler and purer than that of other peoples; was a key influence in the unification and nationalism in Germany

Minie Ball

The standard rifle bullet used in the late 1800s. From France, it made the rifle more accurate and led to staggering casualties.

Mission Civilisatrice

a French term which means "the civilizing mission", it stressed the importance of indoctrinating indigenous peoples around the world to accept Western ideals of religion and government

Modernism

the movement in the arts and literature in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to create new aesthetic forms and to elevate the aesthetic experience of a work of art above the attempt to portray reality as accurately as possible

Moroccan Crisis of 1905

international crisis over the international status of Morocco; Germany supported Moroccan rebellions against French rule (who controlled Morocco after the Berlin Conference), as the Germans did not approve of the British and French treaties for land control in North Africa; the crisis ended with Morocco becoming a protectorate of France and increased French and German tensions

Napoleon III (1808-1873)

Nephew of Napoleon I and president of the Second Republic of France, Napoleon III declared himself emperor of the French in 1852; he ruled as an autocrat, even though he supported nationalism and mass politics; his successes include the modernization of Paris, industrialization, increasing international trade, supporting new banks, and backing the construction of the Suez Canal, and as a result he was popular amongst the French public; his downfall was a result of a war with Prussia, which led to his overthrow in the bloodless Revolution of 1870

Nationalism

the belief that one is part of a nation, defined as a community with its own language, traditions, customs, and history that distinguish it from other nations and make it the primary focus of a person's loyalty and sense of identity.

New Imperialism

The extension in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries of Western political and economic dominance to Asia, the Middle East, and Africa.

Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898)

Prussian Chancellor who used realpolitik, diplomacy, industrialized warfare, weaponry and the manipulation of democratic mechanisms to unify Germany; he believed in authoritarian rule under a strong monarch, and his policies eventually led to a powerful unified German state; he was dismissed as Chancellor by Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1890

Pan-German League

founded in 1891 as a German nationalist organization; stressed strong German nationalism and advocated imperialism as a tool to overcome social divisions and unite all classes

Positivism

The philosophy of Auguste Comte that science is the final, or positive, stage of human intellectual development because it involves exact descriptions of phenomena, without recourse to unobservable operative principles, such as gods or spirits.

Realpolitik

"realistic politics", a practice of acting for political power rather than for a religious, moral, or ideological goal

Reinsurance Treaty (1887)

was a top-secret diplomatic agreement between Germany and Russia; the treaty provided that each party would remain neutral if the other became involved in a war with a third great power, though this would not apply if Germany attacked France or if Russia attacked Austria.

Second Balkan War (1913)

conflicts over spoils of victory from the First Balkan War between Serbia and Bulgaria; Bulgaria was defeated by an alliance of Balkan states, thus losing territory and leading to escalating nationalist tensions in the region.

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

Austrian psychologist who formulated groundbreaking theories of human personality and consciousness

Social Darwinism

the application of Darwin's concept of "the survival of the fittest" to explain evolution in nature to human social relationships.

Three Emperors' League (1873)

Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia's emperors from 1873-1887; the three most conservative powers of Europe. Formed by Otto-von Bismarck to avoid conflict in the Balkans; also preempted an alliance of Austria-Hungary, Russia and France, which could threaten Germany

Triple Alliance (1882-1915)

alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy; promised mutual support if attacked; Italy would remain neutral in a war between Germany and Austria-Hungary

Zionism

A movement founded in the 1890s to promote the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

Zulu Resistance (1872-1879)

the failed uprising of Zulu warriors against British colonization in South Africa; initially, the British suffered defeats at the hands of the native forces, but ultimately forced their surrender; Britain then formally annexed Natal and Zululand, which would become South Africa