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prokaryotic chromatin characteristics?
Circular, denature with light, don’t have to unwind
How much DNa can a virus make in 8 hours?
30,000
What are plasmids?
small loop of DNA
what are the 3 basic parts of a plasmid?
tranfer genes, resistance, toxins
Aero Bactin?
Allows them to take Iron from host
Virulence properties?
Intestinal epithelial attachment, resistance to phagocytosis, immune to Evasive tactics
RNA types?
rRNA, mRNA, tRNA
What strand is the template strand?
3-5 prime strand
Where is the promotor?
up stream
Bacteria can do both what?
transcription and translation.
Prokaryotic rRNA
30-50 pairs
eukaryotic rRNA
40-60s
mRNA?
direct synthesis of polyupeptide chain through codon
tRNA?
transfer amino acids through anticodon
Prokaryotics have:
No introns, Axons, No Rna spkicing
what is an intron?
non coding sequence
Eukaryotic have:
splicing, introns, and alternative splicing.
Viruses use:
Different reading frames, shifting, and have a faster generation time
translation step 1
Ribosome oritents to MRNA (starts with p site)
translation step 2
First amino acid binds to P site
translation step 3
second amino acid into A site.
translation step 4
make peptide bond with ATP.
how does the ribosome move?
A→p→E
Last step of translation
will continue until stop codon
Feedback inhibiotn?
regulates transcription
point mutations?
single nucleic acid substituion
Silent mutation:
Codes for the same amino acid
Missense mutation
Code for a different amino acid (favorable or death)
nonsense mutation
codes for a stop
What happened with tetracycline?
Took 1 year for antibiotic resistance because of of targeted ribosomal subunit
What is the reading frame?
DNa is that is encoding for mRNA codon.
what happen if you insert 1 or 4?
the reading frame will be shifted
what happens when you add 3 to the reading frame?
A new amino acid is created
What are some causes to mutations??
spontaneous, induced, chemical, radioactive
Chemical mutagens?
organic/biological molecules.
Base analogs?
used for viruses and cancer
deaminating agents?
removes amino group
The shorter the wavelength:
the more damage it causes.
What happens during a base analog?
Base pairs get switched. (ex: modified uracil replaces thymine)
PCR step 1
Primers bind to gene of interest
PCR step 2
Adds nucleotides and TAS polermyase
PCR step 3
Cycle through heat until complete (annealing)
Alkiyating agents
Add alkyl groups
Methlyating agents
adds methyl group
Spores (gametes)
positive or negative, haploid, diploid when grown together
Horizontal gene transfer:
Binary fission , recombination events, and conjugation
What are the 2 types of conjugation?
transformation and transduction
Advantages of genetic diversity?
the larger the gene pool, the better
Donor requirments:
Needs conjugated plasmid, generates pilis.
Recipient requirements
Knicks plasmid DNA, 1 strand to Donor and recipient
Transduction:
Gene transfer with assistance from bacteriophage
Transduction step 1
Bacteriophage infects cell (infect and redirect)
Transduction step 2
bacteriaPhage DNA replicates in cytoplasm
Transduction step 3
bacterial DNA degrades
Transduction step 4
Bactiophage mistakenly takes apart bacteria chromosomes inside capsid
why is transduction so infrequent?
Chromosomes don’t break apart, or phage doesn’t pick up viral DNA
Transformation:
the Uptake of free DNA in surrounding envrionment
transformation in a lab?
Need competent cell, electorporation.
Transformation step 1
Donor dies and DNA enters enviornment
Transformation step 2
Competent live bacteria nearby picks up new DNA
What is required inside the cell in order for DNA to pass through?
calcium
Transformation step 3
DNA enters cytoplasm and gets replicated
What must the bacteria be doing in order for it to replicated
It must already be replicating
Transformation step 4
The lagging strand acts as sticky ends
Transformation step 5
enzymes replciate new DNA
What is the restriction digest?
plasmids you inserted into group
What is electroporation
the process of heating up a bacteria and making cold quickly to make the membrane more permeable
Note 
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