exam 2

prokaryotic chromatin characteristics?

prokaryotic chromatin characteristics?

Circular, denature with light, don’t have to unwind

How much DNa can a virus make in 8 hours?

30,000

What are plasmids?

small loop of DNA

what are the 3 basic parts of a plasmid?

tranfer genes, resistance, toxins

Aero Bactin?

Allows them to take Iron from host

Virulence properties?

Intestinal epithelial attachment, resistance to phagocytosis, immune to Evasive tactics

RNA types?

rRNA, mRNA, tRNA

What strand is the template strand?

3-5 prime strand

Where is the promotor?

up stream

Bacteria can do both what?

transcription and translation.

Prokaryotic rRNA

30-50 pairs

eukaryotic rRNA

40-60s

mRNA?

direct synthesis of polyupeptide chain through codon

tRNA?

transfer amino acids through anticodon

Prokaryotics have:

No introns, Axons, No Rna spkicing

what is an intron?

non coding sequence

Eukaryotic have:

splicing, introns, and alternative splicing.

Viruses use:

Different reading frames, shifting, and have a faster generation time

translation step 1

Ribosome oritents to MRNA (starts with p site)

translation step 2

First amino acid binds to P site

translation step 3

second amino acid into A site.

translation step 4

make peptide bond with ATP.

how does the ribosome move?

A→p→E

Last step of translation

will continue until stop codon

Feedback inhibiotn?

regulates transcription

point mutations?

single nucleic acid substituion

Silent mutation:

Codes for the same amino acid

Missense mutation

Code for a different amino acid (favorable or death)

nonsense mutation

codes for a stop

What happened with tetracycline?

Took 1 year for antibiotic resistance because of of targeted ribosomal subunit

What is the reading frame?

DNa is that is encoding for mRNA codon.

what happen if you insert 1 or 4?

the reading frame will be shifted

what happens when you add 3 to the reading frame?

A new amino acid is created

What are some causes to mutations??

spontaneous, induced, chemical, radioactive

Chemical mutagens?

organic/biological molecules.

Base analogs?

used for viruses and cancer

deaminating agents?

removes amino group

The shorter the wavelength:

the more damage it causes.

What happens during a base analog?

Base pairs get switched. (ex: modified uracil replaces thymine)

PCR step 1

Primers bind to gene of interest

PCR step 2

Adds nucleotides and TAS polermyase

PCR step 3

Cycle through heat until complete (annealing)

Alkiyating agents

Add alkyl groups

Methlyating agents

adds methyl group

Spores (gametes)

positive or negative, haploid, diploid when grown together

Horizontal gene transfer:

Binary fission , recombination events, and conjugation

What are the 2 types of conjugation?

transformation and transduction

Advantages of genetic diversity?

the larger the gene pool, the better

Donor requirments:

Needs conjugated plasmid, generates pilis.

Recipient requirements

Knicks plasmid DNA, 1 strand to Donor and recipient

Transduction:

Gene transfer with assistance from bacteriophage

Transduction step 1

Bacteriophage infects cell (infect and redirect)

Transduction step 2

bacteriaPhage DNA replicates in cytoplasm

Transduction step 3

bacterial DNA degrades

Transduction step 4

Bactiophage mistakenly takes apart bacteria chromosomes inside capsid

why is transduction so infrequent?

Chromosomes don’t break apart, or phage doesn’t pick up viral DNA

Transformation:

the Uptake of free DNA in surrounding envrionment

transformation in a lab?

Need competent cell, electorporation.

Transformation step 1

Donor dies and DNA enters enviornment

Transformation step 2

Competent live bacteria nearby picks up new DNA

What is required inside the cell in order for DNA to pass through?

calcium

Transformation step 3

DNA enters cytoplasm and gets replicated

What must the bacteria be doing in order for it to replicated

It must already be replicating

Transformation step 4

The lagging strand acts as sticky ends

Transformation step 5

enzymes replciate new DNA

What is the restriction digest?

plasmids you inserted into group

What is electroporation

the process of heating up a bacteria and making cold quickly to make the membrane more permeable