Untitled Flashcard Set

Direct Trial Training

Highly structured, adult-initiated instruction using planned trials; synonymous with Discrete Trial Training (DTT) in most exam contexts.

Discrete Trial Training (DTT)

Structured teaching with repeated trials consisting of SD → response → consequence → intertrial interval; adult-led and data collected per trial.

Natural Environment Teaching (NET)

Teaching embedded in play or daily routines; learner-led with naturally occurring reinforcement.

Positive Reinforcement

Adding a stimulus following a behavior that increases the future frequency of that behavior.

Negative Reinforcement

Removing or avoiding a stimulus following a behavior that increases the future frequency of that behavior.

Primary Reinforcer

A reinforcer that is naturally effective without prior learning (e.g., food, water).

Secondary (Conditioned) Reinforcer

A reinforcer that gains its effectiveness through pairing with primary reinforcers.

Differential Reinforcement

Reinforcing some responses while withholding reinforcement for others.

Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior (DRA)

Reinforcement of an appropriate alternative behavior that serves the same function as the target behavior.

Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior (DRI)

A type of DRA in which the reinforced alternative behavior cannot occur at the same time as the target behavior.

Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior (DRO)

Reinforcement delivered when the target behavior does not occur during a specified interval.

Differential Reinforcement of Lower Rates (DRL)

Reinforcement delivered for reduced frequency of the target behavior.

Frequency

Counting the number of times a behavior occurs during an observation period; appropriate for discrete or severe behaviors.

Rate

Frequency divided by time; allows comparison across observation periods of different lengths.

Duration

Measurement of how long a behavior lasts.

Latency

Time between the presentation of a stimulus (SD) and the onset of the behavior.

Interresponse Time (IRT)

Time between two consecutive responses.

Trials to Criterion

Number of correct responses required before a skill is considered mastered.

Permanent Product Recording

Measurement of behavior based on the lasting outcome produced by the behavior.

Momentary Time Sampling

Recording whether the behavior is occurring at the end of a predetermined interval.

PLACHECK (Planned Activity Check)

A group form of momentary time sampling used to record how many individuals are engaging in a target behavior at the end of an interval.

Token

A generalized conditioned reinforcer that can be exchanged for backup reinforcers.

Token Economy

A reinforcement system in which tokens are earned for target behaviors and exchanged for backup reinforcers.

Backup Reinforcer

The item or activity that tokens are exchanged for.

Discrimination

Responding differently in the presence of different stimuli.

Discrimination Error

Failure to respond appropriately under different stimulus conditions; responding when behavior is not appropriate.

Prompt Dependency

Learner consistently waits for prompts and does not respond independently.

Stimulus Overselection

Responding to irrelevant or limited features of a stimulus instead of the relevant cues.

Shaping

Teaching a new behavior by reinforcing successive approximations toward the target behavior.

Successive Approximations

The individual behaviors reinforced during shaping that increasingly resemble the target behavior.

Positive Practice

A form of overcorrection requiring repeated practice of the correct behavior following an error.

Self-Injurious Behavior (SIB)

Behavior that causes physical harm to oneself; defined by topography, not function.

Behavior Intervention Plan (BIP)

A written plan based on a functional behavior assessment outlining prevention strategies, replacement behaviors, reinforcement, and consequences.

Line Graph

Graph used to display behavior change over time; most common graph in ABA.

Bar Graph

Graph used to compare levels of behavior across different conditions.

Cumulative Record

Graph that displays cumulative responses over time.

X-Axis

Horizontal axis representing time or sessions.

Y-Axis

Vertical axis representing the measure of behavior (e.g., frequency, rate, percentage, duration).

Phase Change Line

A vertical line on a graph indicating a change in conditions or procedures.

Data Path on the X-Axis

Indicates the measured behavior is at zero for the given observation period.