High School Science UIL

homeostasis

stable environment despite changes in external environment

selectively permeable

different cells have different needs

fluid mosaic model

proteins and cholesterol

integral protein

extend through entire membrane

peripheral protein

found only on one side

cholesterol

affects fluidity of membranes

diffusion particles move from an area of ______ concentration to an area of _____ concentration

high to low

diffusion occurs because

particles are always moving randomly

placing a cell in hypertonic solution causes the cell to

shrink

placing a cell in an isotonic solution causes the cell to

stay the same

placing a cel in a hypotonic solution causes the cell to

swell

diffusion

passive; needs no help; oxygen, carbon dioxide

facilitated diffusion

passive; carrier protein; glucose

osmosis

passive; aquapourin; water

sodium-potassium pump

active; protein pump; ions

endocytosis (phagocytosis)

active; vesicles; bacterium

endocytosis (pinocytosis)

active; vesicles; hormones

exocytosis

active; vesicles; protein

active

low to high against gradient

passive

high to low with gradient

cell membrane is made up of

phospholipid bilayer

cell membrane is ____ permeable

semi

semipermeable

only certain substances can pass through

active transport

requires energy (ATP) to transport molecules against a concentration gradient

concentration

amount of substance in a certain place

the structure most responsible for maintaining cell homeostasis is the

plasma membrane

the cell membrane is made up of a

phospholipid bilayer

which of the following is NOT a form of passive transport

endocytosis

diffusion continues until

equilibrium is reached

if a cell is placed in salt water, water leaves the cell by

osmosis

a cell moves particles from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration by

active transport

hypertonic

more solute outside cell; less solute in cell; next movement will be out

hypotonic

less solute outside of cell; more solute in cell; next movement in

isotonic

same same same

diffusion -

net movement of particles from an area of their high concentration to an area of their low concentration

concentration gradient

difference in concentration of a substance across a space

dynamic equilibrium

molecules still randomly moving by no change in concentration

osmosis -

movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to lower water concentration until equilibrium

phagocytosis

solids (cell eating)

pinocytosis

liquid (cell drinking)

8 characteristics of life

- made of cells

- multicellular organisms display organization

- all living things obtain and use energy

- all living things respond to a stimulus

- maintain homeostasis

- all living things reproduce

- all living things grow and develop

- taken as a group, living things evolve

cell

smallest living unit that can carry out life

unicellular

single celled organisms

multicellular

many different types of cells

the cells specialize to perform specific functions

structure determines

function

catabolism

breaking down/release energy

anabolism

building/absorbing energy

3 types of reproduction

budding

fragmentation

binary fission

human anatomy

science of the human body's structures

human physiology

chemistry and physics of these structures and how they all work together to support the processes of life in each individual

biology

science of living beings and their relationship with the rest of the universe, including all living things

human pathophysiology

science of "human anatomy and physiology gone wrong"

greek for suffering

path-

clinical medicine

application of medical science to alleviate an anatomical or physiological problem in an individual human

gross anatomy

study of the large parts of an animal body that can be seen with the unaided eye

histologic anatomy

study of different tissue types and the cells that comprise them. it uses a variety of microscopes to study these cells and tissues that make up the body

developmental anatomy

study of life cycle of the individual, from fertilized egg through adulthood, senescence (aging), and death

comparative anatomy

study of similarities and differences among the anatomical structures of different species, including extinct. closely related to evolutionary biology

taxonomy

science of evolutionary relationships, expressed as a series of mutually exclusive categories

jargon

set of words and phrases that people who know a lot about a particular subject use to talk together

anatomical position

arms at sides, palms facing forward

anterior

front or toward the front of the body

ventral

front or toward the front of the body

posterior

back or towards the back of the body

dorsal

back or towards the back of the body

caudal

near or toward the tail

prone

lying on the stomach, facedown

supine

lying on the back, face up

lateral

on the side or toward the side of the body

medial or median

toward the middle of body

proximal

nearer to the point of the body

distal

farther from the trunk of the body

superficial

nearer to the surface of the body

deep

farther from the surface of the body

superior

above or higher than another part

inferior

below or lower than another part

central

near center of body or middle of an organ

peripheral

away from the midline of body or organ

plane

flat surface and that a straight line can run between two points on that flat surface

cuts

section

frontal plane

divides body or organ into front (anterior) portion and a rear (posterior) portion

sagittal plane

divides lengthwise into right and left sections

midsagittal plane

vertical plane runs exactly down the middle of the body

longitudinal section

created when sagittal plane runs through any point

transverse plane

divides horizontally, top (superior) and bottom (inferior)

cross sections

transverse planes go anywhere

regions

compartmentalize body's surface, refers to certain area

axial body

runs right down the center axis and consists of everything except limbs

appendicular body

consists of appendages, aka, upper and lower extremities

cephalic

head

cervical

neck

cranial

skull

frontal

forehead

nasal

nose

occipital

back of head

ophthalmic

orbital, eyes

oral

mouth

axillary

armpit

costal

ribs

mammary

breast