Comprehensive Overview of Sexual, Sleep, and Neurodevelopmental Disorders

What are the three criteria for diagnosing sexual dysfunction?

1) Lasting at least 6 months and present in 75-100% of all sexual experiences. 2) Not primarily due to severe relationship problems. 3) Must cause significant distress.

What types of sexual dysfunction are identified?

Lifelong vs. Acquired and Generalized vs. Situational.

What psychological factors contribute to sexual dysfunction?

Higher likelihood of anxiety and negative thoughts about sexual encounters, and avoidance of awareness of sexual cues.

What are some specific causes of sexual dysfunction?

Social and cultural contributions, negative or traumatic sexual experiences, deterioration of interpersonal relationships, and interaction of psychological and physical factors.

What are some treatment options for sexual dysfunction?

Behavioral and cognitive techniques, couple-focused interventions, medications, and psychoeducation.

What is Gender Dysphoria?

Marked incongruence between one's experienced/expressed gender and their assigned gender, lasting at least 6 months.

What are the DSM-5-TR criteria for diagnosing Gender Dysphoria?

Must manifest at least two of the following: incongruence with primary/secondary sex characteristics, desire to rid oneself of those characteristics, desire for characteristics of the other gender, desire to be treated as the other gender, and conviction of having typical feelings of the other gender.

What is the prevalence of Gender Dysphoria in adults assigned male at birth?

0.02%

What is the prevalence of Gender Dysphoria in adults assigned female at birth?

0.003%

What are the treatment goals for individuals with Gender Dysphoria?

Helping individuals accept their internal sense of gender and align their internal sense with external gender presentation.

What are the defining characteristics of Anorexia Nervosa?

Extreme weight loss, restriction of calorie intake, intense fear of weight gain, and misperceptions of body weight.

What are the medical complications associated with Anorexia Nervosa?

Cardiovascular complications, kidney failure, osteoporosis, muscle loss, fatigue, and sensitivity to cold.

What demographic is most affected by Anorexia Nervosa?

Majority are female and white, typically from middle-to-upper-middle-class families.

What are the defining features of Bulimia Nervosa?

Binge eating perceived as uncontrollable, followed by compensatory behaviors like purging or excessive exercise.

What is the lifetime prevalence of Bulimia Nervosa in women?

~1%

What psychological features are common in individuals with Anorexia Nervosa?

Marked disturbance in body image, perfectionistic traits, and desire for control.

What is the most serious consequence of Anorexia Nervosa?

Cardiac damage, which can lead to heart attack and death.

What factors contribute to the development of eating disorders?

Strong sociocultural origins, particularly Westernized views emphasizing thinness.

What common comorbid psychiatric conditions are associated with Anorexia Nervosa?

Phobias, OCD, PTSD, major depressive disorder, and substance use disorders.

What is the significance of psychoeducation in treating sexual dysfunction?

Accurate sex education can be surprisingly effective in treatment.

What is the role of medical examination in diagnosing sexual dysfunction?

Crucial to rule out potential medical causes of sexual dysfunction.

What is the impact of cultural/religious factors on sexual dysfunction?

They can act as causal factors contributing to sexual dysfunction.

What is the importance of couple-focused interventions in treating sexual dysfunction?

They aim to improve communication and intimacy between partners.

What is the relationship between anxiety and sexual dysfunction?

Anxiety can lead to negative thoughts about sexual encounters and avoidance of sexual cues.

What is the impact of negative or traumatic sexual experiences on sexual dysfunction?

They can contribute to the development of sexual dysfunction.

What are compensatory behaviors in eating disorders?

Behaviors designed to 'make up for' binge eating, including purging, excessive exercise, fasting, and use of diuretics or laxatives.

What are some severe medical problems associated with purging?

Erosion of dental enamel, electrolyte imbalance, kidney failure, cardiac arrhythmia, seizures, intestinal problems, and fatigue.

What psychological features are common in individuals with eating disorders?

Overly concerned with body shape, fear of gaining weight, and often have comorbid psychological disorders.

What is the lifetime prevalence of eating disorders in females and males?

Approximately 1.5% for females and 0.5% for males.

What defines Binge Eating Disorder (BED)?

Binge eating without associated compensatory behaviors, often leading to distress and functional impairment.

What are common health consequences of Binge Eating Disorder?

Heart diseases, diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, stroke, liver disease, gall bladder disease, and some cancers.

What are some risk factors for developing eating disorders?

Family history of eating disorders, history of dieting, negative self-worth, poor body image, and psychological issues.

What are the main treatment approaches for eating disorders?

Medical treatment, nutritional support, and psychosocial treatments like Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT), specifically CBT-E.

What are Dyssomnias and Parasomnias?

Dyssomnias involve difficulties with sleep amount, quality, or timing, while Parasomnias are abnormal events during sleep.

What are the effects of sleep deprivation on health?

Decreases immune functioning, affects mood, memory, and concentration, and can induce feelings of depression.

What is Insomnia Disorder?

A common sleep disorder characterized by problems initiating or maintaining sleep, leading to daytime sleepiness.

What defines Hypersomnolence Disorder?

Excessive sleepiness or sleeping too much, with complaints of sleepiness throughout the day.

What is Narcolepsy and its principal symptom?

A disorder characterized by recurrent intense need for sleep, lapses into sleep, or napping, often accompanied by cataplexy.

What is Obstructive Sleep Apnea?

A breathing-related sleep disorder occurring in 10-20% of the population, more common in males and associated with obesity.

What are common treatments for Insomnia?

Benzodiazepines and over-the-counter sleep medications, though prolonged use can lead to rebound insomnia and dependence.

What treatments are available for Narcolepsy?

Stimulants like Ritalin for excessive sleepiness and antidepressants for cataplexy.

What psychological factors contribute to eating disorders?

Low sense of personal control, insecure early attachments, perfectionist attitudes, low self-esteem, and trauma.

How do sociocultural factors influence eating disorders?

Media portrayals linking thinness to success, cultural emphasis on dieting, and changing standards of ideal body size.

What biological factors may contribute to eating disorders?

Genetic vulnerability and deficits in serotonin that may contribute to bingeing.

What is the median age of onset for Binge Eating Disorder?

Early 20s.

What are common comorbid psychiatric conditions with eating disorders?

Bipolar disorder, phobias, PTSD, major depressive disorder, substance use disorders, and borderline personality disorder.

What are common treatments for Breathing-Related Sleep Disorders?

Medications, weight loss, or mechanical devices.

What is the best approach for Phase Delays in Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders?

Moving bedtime later.

What is a challenge associated with Phase Advances in Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders?

Moving bedtime earlier is more difficult.

What psychological treatment involves changing beliefs about sleep?

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I).

What is the purpose of relaxation and stress reduction in treating sleep disorders?

To reduce stress and assist with sleep.

What are the two classes of Parasomnias?

Those that occur during REM sleep and those that occur during non-REM sleep.

What is a key feature of Non-REM Sleep Arousal Disorder?

Recurrent episodes of sleep terrors or sleepwalking.

What characterizes sleep terrors in children?

Panic-like symptoms during non-REM sleep, with little memory of the event.

What is a common treatment approach for sleepwalking?

A wait-and-see posture, with scheduled awakenings in severe cases.

What is Nightmare Disorder characterized by?

Repeated episodes of distressing dreams leading to impairment in daily life.

What percentage of children and adults experience nightmares?

10%-50% of children and 1% of adults.

What are the four domains of developmental milestones in children?

Motor skills, language, cognition, and adaptive functioning.

What is Intellectual Developmental Disorder (IDD) formerly known as?

Mental retardation or intellectual disability.

What is the worldwide prevalence of Intellectual Developmental Disorder?

1-3%.

What are some prenatal causes of Intellectual Developmental Disorder?

Genetic disorders like Down Syndrome, advanced maternal age, and external prenatal causes like fetal alcohol syndrome.

What is a common treatment for children with Intellectual Developmental Disorder?

Supportive services like group homes and mainstreaming in schools.

What are the key features of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?

Deficits in social communication, social interaction, and restrictive/repetitive behaviors.

What is the prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder in children?

14.7%.

What are the two main types of symptoms in the diagnostic criteria for ASD?

Deficits in social communication and restrictive, repetitive patterns of behavior.

What is a common treatment for Autism Spectrum Disorder?

Applied behavior analysis (ABA) focusing on language and academic skill development.

What are the core symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)?

Inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

What is the prevalence of ADHD among children in the U.S.?

7-9%.

What are some stimulant medications used to treat ADHD?

Ritalin, Focalin, Dexedrine, Adderall, Concerta.

What are common behavioral interventions for ADHD?

Support for sleep, diet, exercise, and behavior modification.