bio midterm

What is biology? 

biology is the study of life

What are the 7 characteristics common to all living things?

**G**row, **O**rganization, **R**esponsiveness, **A**daptations, **C**ells, **E**nergy use, **R**eproduction 

What is the difference between the dependent variable and the independent variable?

independent can exist alone, while the dependent variable depends on the independent

How do you find the total magnification of a microscope?

10 times the number on the lens

polarity

when an entity contains two distinct and opposite poles that can either attract or repel each other

ion

An atom or a molecule that has a positive or negative electrical charge

covalent bond

A type of chemical bond wherein two or more atoms share one or more electron pairs

ionic bond

attractions between oppositely charged atoms or groups of atoms where electrons are donated and accepted

what makes a molecule organic?

has carbon, part of a living organism

what elements are found in all organic molecules?

CHNOPS

What 6 elements make up over 96% of living tissue?

CHNOPS

elements in carbs

CHO in a 1:2:1

carb monomer

monosaccharide - galactose, fructose, glucose

lipid elements

CH and a few O

lipid monomer

saturated and unsaturated (fatty acid)

protein elements

CHON (+S)

Protein monomer

amino acids

nucleic acid elements

CHONP

nucleic acid monomer

nucleotide

the three types of carbs and examples

monosaccharide- galactose, fructose, glucose, ribose how

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disaccharide- maltose, sucrose, lactose

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polysaccharide- starch, cellulose, glycogen

what makes maltose?

glu + glu

what makes sucrose?

fru + glu

what makes lactose?

gal + glu

what is the purpose of a monosaccharide?

quick energy

what is the purpose of a disaccharide? 

quick energy

what is the purpose of a polysaccharide? 

store energy, structural (cellulose)

three types of lipids + function

triglycerides- stored energy, insulation

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phospholipids- cell membrane

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steroids- some hormones

polymers and functions of nucleic acids

DNA- genetic info storage

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RNA- genetic info storage, code for protein production

correct order for DNA replication

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dna helix unwinds

enzyme sperates

enzyme adds prime

enzyme adds new nucleotides

proofreading

what does an enzyme do to a chemical reaction?

speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy

what happens when an enzyme denatures, and what does it do to its productivity?

it’s shape changes, meaning it can no longer properly function, meaning its productivity declines

contrast dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reactions

hydrolysis breaks down polymers by adding water, while dehydration synthesis removes water to combine two monomers

what is a cell?

the smallest unit of life

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Compare and contrast prokaryotes and eukaryotes.  Include examples.

both- has dna, cell membrane, ribosomes, cell walls

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prokaryotes- smaller, older, archea and eubacteria, unicellular

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eukaryotes- compels, bigger, is multi and unicellular

chromosome

allow DNA to be accurately copied during cell division

rough er

makes proteins

smooth er

makes lipids, detoxifies drug’s and poisons

Golgi

processes, packages, and sends out proteins (via vesicle) that were made in the cell

ribosome

makes proteins

plant vs animal organelles

plant- vacuoles, chromoplasts, cell wall

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animal- centrioles, lysosomes, kinda flagella and cilia

what’s the protein path?

rough ER → Golgi → vesicle → final destination

if a dna sample contains 20% thyme, calculate the concentrations for the other bases

20% adenine, 30% cystine, 30% guanine

the scientists involved in DNA structure discovery

Franklin - took photo 51

Watson, crick - discovered the double helix

discuss the antiparallel nature of DNA

one strand moves in the 5’-3’ direction while the other is 3’-5’

describe the process of DNA replication

helpcase unzips, primate adds primer, polymerase adds nucleotides, ligase glues Okazaki strands

what would be the complementary strands to CGC TCA TAG

GCG AGT ATC

what is meant by semi-conservative

one strand new, one strand original

how does replication differ in the leading and lagging strand

leading goes 5’-3’ and is continuous, lagging has Okazaki strands and is discontinuous

what does ligase do in DNA replication?

glues the Okazaki strands

what does helicase do in DNA replication?

unzips the DNA

what does polymerase do in DNA replication?

adds nucleotides

what does primase do in DNA replication?

adds primer

what is homeostasis, and what are examples

your body maintaining an equilibrium - ex) sweating, shivering, glucagon release, insulin

how does the endocrine system use hormones to maintain homeostasis of blood sugar levels?

pancreas releases insulin and glucagon to either raise or lower glucose levels

what disease occurs when blood sugar levels aren’t able to come down after eating

diabetes

negative vs positive feedback

negative- it detects the error and changes the direction of the feedback

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positive- continues to go in the same direction

describe the “Central Dogma” of genetics

genetic information flows only in one direction, from DNA, to RNA, to protein, or RNA directly to protein

compare and contrast DNA and RNA in structure and function

structure- DNA is double stranded, has deoxyribose, and thymine while RNA is single stranded, has ribose, and has urine

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function- DNA stores genetic info while RNA creates proteins via translation

structure of a nucleotide in DNA and RNA

phosphate group, sugar, nitrogen base

translate and then transcript this sequence: CGC TCA TAG

GCG AGU AUC

ala - ser - iso

insertion

adds one extra base, is a frameshift

deletion

removes one base, is a frameshift

substitution

changing one base to another one

Describe the role of ribosomes in translation.

ribosomes make protein

Describe the role of mRNA in translation.

carries genetic info

Describe the role of tRNA in translation.

link between mRNA and the protein