Studied by 11 people
What is biology?
biology is the study of life
What are the 7 characteristics common to all living things?
Grow, Organization, Responsiveness, Adaptations, Cells, Energy use, Reproduction
What is the difference between the dependent variable and the independent variable?
independent can exist alone, while the dependent variable depends on the independent
How do you find the total magnification of a microscope?
10 times the number on the lens
polarity
when an entity contains two distinct and opposite poles that can either attract or repel each other
ion
An atom or a molecule that has a positive or negative electrical charge
covalent bond
A type of chemical bond wherein two or more atoms share one or more electron pairs
ionic bond
attractions between oppositely charged atoms or groups of atoms where electrons are donated and accepted
what makes a molecule organic?
has carbon, part of a living organism
what elements are found in all organic molecules?
CHNOPS
What 6 elements make up over 96% of living tissue?
CHNOPS
elements in carbs
CHO in a 1:2:1
carb monomer
monosaccharide - galactose, fructose, glucose
lipid elements
CH and a few O
lipid monomer
saturated and unsaturated (fatty acid)
protein elements
CHON (+S)
Protein monomer
amino acids
nucleic acid elements
CHONP
nucleic acid monomer
nucleotide
the three types of carbs and examples
monosaccharide- galactose, fructose, glucose, ribose how
disaccharide- maltose, sucrose, lactose
polysaccharide- starch, cellulose, glycogen
what makes maltose?
glu + glu
what makes sucrose?
fru + glu
what makes lactose?
gal + glu
what is the purpose of a monosaccharide?
quick energy
what is the purpose of a disaccharide?
quick energy
what is the purpose of a polysaccharide?
store energy, structural (cellulose)
three types of lipids + function
triglycerides- stored energy, insulation
phospholipids- cell membrane
steroids- some hormones
polymers and functions of nucleic acids
DNA- genetic info storage
RNA- genetic info storage, code for protein production
correct order for DNA replication
dna helix unwinds
enzyme sperates
enzyme adds prime
enzyme adds new nucleotides
proofreading
what does an enzyme do to a chemical reaction?
speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy
what happens when an enzyme denatures, and what does it do to its productivity?
it’s shape changes, meaning it can no longer properly function, meaning its productivity declines
contrast dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reactions
hydrolysis breaks down polymers by adding water, while dehydration synthesis removes water to combine two monomers
what is a cell?
the smallest unit of life
Compare and contrast prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Include examples.
both- has dna, cell membrane, ribosomes, cell walls
prokaryotes- smaller, older, archea and eubacteria, unicellular
eukaryotes- compels, bigger, is multi and unicellular
chromosome
allow DNA to be accurately copied during cell division
rough er
makes proteins
smooth er
makes lipids, detoxifies drug’s and poisons
Golgi
processes, packages, and sends out proteins (via vesicle) that were made in the cell
ribosome
makes proteins
plant vs animal organelles
plant- vacuoles, chromoplasts, cell wall
animal- centrioles, lysosomes, kinda flagella and cilia
what’s the protein path?
rough ER → Golgi → vesicle → final destination
if a dna sample contains 20% thyme, calculate the concentrations for the other bases
20% adenine, 30% cystine, 30% guanine
the scientists involved in DNA structure discovery
Franklin - took photo 51
Watson, crick - discovered the double helix
discuss the antiparallel nature of DNA
one strand moves in the 5’-3’ direction while the other is 3’-5’
describe the process of DNA replication
helpcase unzips, primate adds primer, polymerase adds nucleotides, ligase glues Okazaki strands
what would be the complementary strands to CGC TCA TAG
GCG AGT ATC
what is meant by semi-conservative
one strand new, one strand original
how does replication differ in the leading and lagging strand
leading goes 5’-3’ and is continuous, lagging has Okazaki strands and is discontinuous
what does ligase do in DNA replication?
glues the Okazaki strands
what does helicase do in DNA replication?
unzips the DNA
what does polymerase do in DNA replication?
adds nucleotides
what does primase do in DNA replication?
adds primer
what is homeostasis, and what are examples
your body maintaining an equilibrium - ex) sweating, shivering, glucagon release, insulin
how does the endocrine system use hormones to maintain homeostasis of blood sugar levels?
pancreas releases insulin and glucagon to either raise or lower glucose levels
what disease occurs when blood sugar levels aren’t able to come down after eating
diabetes
negative vs positive feedback
negative- it detects the error and changes the direction of the feedback
positive- continues to go in the same direction
describe the “Central Dogma” of genetics
genetic information flows only in one direction, from DNA, to RNA, to protein, or RNA directly to protein
compare and contrast DNA and RNA in structure and function
structure- DNA is double stranded, has deoxyribose, and thymine while RNA is single stranded, has ribose, and has urine
function- DNA stores genetic info while RNA creates proteins via translation
structure of a nucleotide in DNA and RNA
phosphate group, sugar, nitrogen base
translate and then transcript this sequence: CGC TCA TAG
GCG AGU AUC
ala - ser - iso
insertion
adds one extra base, is a frameshift
deletion
removes one base, is a frameshift
substitution
changing one base to another one
Describe the role of ribosomes in translation.
ribosomes make protein
Describe the role of mRNA in translation.
carries genetic info
Describe the role of tRNA in translation.
link between mRNA and the protein
Note 
Flashcard (24)