WEIGHT MANAGEMENT CH 1 & 2

mr. me too-clipse

overweight

weight in excess of the average for a given height based on height-weight tables; or a BMI of 25-29.9

underweight

weight less than the average for a given weight based on height-weight tables; or a BMI less than 18.5

obesity

excessive accumulation of body fat generally considered to be 25% or more in men and 32% or more in women. 1 in 8 people are living in this condition. more prevalent in those of lower SES. can be attributed to physical/environemntal factors such as increase in fast food chains, bigger portion sizes, and ease of access, as well as social factors such as expenses and advertisements.

social-ecological framework

a framework for recognizing the relationship between individual, environmental, and broader societal factors that influence health and weight gain. highlights that weight gain is not solely determined by individual choices.

social determinants of health

factors within families, communities, and the environment that affect health, including income, education, employment, relationships with others, and access to healthcare

ideal body weight (IBW)

body weight associated with the lowest mortality rate for a given height, age, weight, s*x, and frame size. obesity is indicated by 120% of this value in women and 124% of this value in men. does not distinguish between body fat and muscle

BMI

method used to assess weight classifications by dividing the weight of a person in kg by their height in meters squared. easy to measure but does not distinguish between body fat and muscle.

thrifty gene

a genetic factor that could explain why weight gain has been increasing over the years. the ability to store fat was a favored adaptation in times of periodic food shortages and scarcity. survivors then passed on their fat conserving genes to their offspring.

primary prevention

interventions before children or adults become overweight or obese.

secondary prevention

intervention before BMi increases further in overweight or obese children and adults

tertiary prevention

intervention to slow excess weight gain and prevent complications associated with obesity

quality of life

factors such as physical functioning, income, job satisfaction, etc. that contribute to an individual and their satisfaction with their individual life. usually decreases as BMI increases.

nutrition status

condition of the body resulting from the balance of intake, absorption, and utilization of nutrients, as well as the influence of particular physiological and pathological statuses

anthropometric assessment

measurements of size, weight, and proportions of the body as a means of assessing nutrition

biochemical assessment

checking levels of nutrients in the blood, urine, or stools as a means of assessing nutrition

clinical assessment

checking for visible signs of nutrient deficiency in a patient as a means of assessing nutrition

dietary assessment

assessing food and fluid intake in a patient as a means of assessing nutrition

fat mass

total amount of lipids in the body. includes essential (stored in organs and muscles) and nonessential fats (stored in adipose tissue as triglycerides) in measurement.

fat free mass

lean body mass. sum of total body water, muscles, tendons, bones, ligaments, and fat free parts of internal organs

subcutaneous fat

90% of body fat. lies just beneath the skin.

visceral fat

10% of body fat. found in spaces surrounding organs, a key player in a variety of health problems

circumference measurements

used on the abdomen, hip, thigh, calf, and mid arm. can be used to estimate FFM, fat mass, and fat distribution. reduction equations are used to convert measurements to estimated percent fat. fluid retention or edema can increase girth measurements, which represent subcutaneous fat and other body structures.

waist circumference

proper method for measuring waist girth. limitations include the facts that it only gives an approximation of visceral fat, that its less accurate in children, adolescents, and adults under 5 feet in height, and that it is not precise in relation to internal fat. can be interpreted with BMI to assess risk of CVD and other health conditions.

skinfold measurements

measure subQ fat, which is a good indicator of internal fat. total body fat can be calculated via this method. can be difficult to obtain on obese individuals. this measurement plus fat percentage can distinguish individuals who may have a high BMI due to muscularity and not excess fat. cannot be used to monitor short-term changes in fat composition, and accuracy depends on the skill of the measurer and the calipers themselves.

bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)

a quick, safe, and noninvasive method to estimate FFM. a weak electric current slows through the body, which is impeded by tissues with little to no water (fat and bone), to estimate total body water. prediction equations then calculate FFM and body fat. limitations exist, such as the hydration status of the individual being a variable and it not being accurate for individuals with body asymmetry.

type 2 diabetes

most common form of diabetes marked by an resistance to insulin, can be related to obesity and decreased physical activity. can cause CVD, kidney failure, amputations, or eye disease. usually diagnosed through glucose fasting tests

metabolic syndrome

a collection of conditions associated with CVD and type 2 diabetes, including central obesity, hypertension, abnormal blood lipids, and elevated fasting glucose. present in up to 1/3 of US adults