Population Ecology and Interactions

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26 Terms

1
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What is population growth?

an increase in the size of a population over time, changes caused by different factors

2
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What are the factors that regulate population growth and decline?

growth: birth and immigration

decline: death and emigration

3
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What is the population size formula?

N(t) = (Bt + It) - (Dt + Et)

4
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What is immigration? Emigration?

immigration: moving into a population

emigration: moving out of a population

5
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What is fertility rate? When does replacement level fertility occur?

the average number of offspring a female will have in her lifetime; when the fertility rate and death rate are EQUAL

6
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What is the human population replacement level fertility?

about 2.1 children

7
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What is exponential growth? Example?

the rapid growth of a population when it is provided with unlimited resources, growth rate is proportional to its size and it continually increases, no carrying capacity; bacteria dividing rapidly 3x an hr

8
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What is logistic growth?

the initial rapid growth of a population that is limited by the carrying capacity of the environment, begins exponentially but tapers off due to limited resources

9
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Which growth is J vs S curve?

exponential, logistic

10
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What is the carrying capacity?

the maximum number of organisms that an environment can sustainably support with available resources (water, physical space, soil, etc.)

11
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What are the types of limiting factors?

density-dependent: factors increase as the population density does, competition, predation, parasitism, disease

density-independent: factors are independent of the density population, human disturbances, drought, climate extremes

12
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How does the carrying capacity affect the population organisms?

causes the population to taper off or crash, not enough resources to sustain, can lead to higher competition

13
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What is the boom and bust cycle?

repeated cycles of growth (boom) and decline (bust), typical of predator-prey interactions as a large number of predators means less prey, which means less predators due to competition

14
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What are the different survivorship curves? Examples?

Type I: high survival and rapid die off in old age, maintain population at carrying capacity, invest into offspring to ensure their long survival; humans, large mammals

Type II: constant decline in survivorship; squirrels, fish, lizards

Type III: rapid die off in early life followed by high survivorship with those who survived, ensure quantity over quality; plants, insects

15
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Which type of survivorship is r-selected species and K-selected species?

Type III, Type I

16
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What are the different types of species interactions?

amensalism, commensalism, mutualism, predation, parasitism, competition

17
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Amensalism + ex

one organism is harmed and the other is unaffected; ruminants walking on grass

18
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Commensalism + ex

when one organism is benefitted and the other is unaffected; barnacles on whales

19
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Mutualism + ex

both organisms benefit; clownfish hiding in sea anemones and also protecting them

20
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Predation

one organism benefits and the other is killed, can affect where prey spend time

21
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Parasitism + ex

one organism benefits from living on or inside other which is harmed; tapeworms, fleas, ticks

22
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What is competition? What is interspecific competition vs intraspecific?

when more than one organism tries to use the same limited resources in the same place at the same time with one winner and one loser

intraspecific: competition among members of the same species

interspecific: competition between members of different species

23
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What is the Competitive Exclusion Principle?

no two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time, one winner and one loser who dies out

24
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What is resource partitioning? Example? Why did it form?

when species divide their shared resources based on the different portions/areas or times used; birds dividing tree by area of branches; formed as a result of competition in the past

25
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What does competition do as a result of dividing resources?

helps to determine the numbers and kinds of species as well as their niches in the communities

26
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What is a keystone species?

a species on which other species largely depend so that if it were removed the ecosystem would change drastically, helps to maintain balance and structure