APES Midterm

AP Environmental Science

Tragedy of the Commons

suggests that individuals will use all the shared resources in their own self-interest

sustainability

humans living on Earth and their use of resources without depletion of resources for future generations

nonrenewable

finite supply, fossil fuels, minerals

renewable

can replenish naturally

ecological footprint

measure of biological productive land and water needed to produce resources and absorb waste of individual

1. Observe

2. Hypothesize

3. Collect data

4. Interpret results

5. Disseminate findings

Scientific Process

Law of Thermodynamics

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed

photosynthesis

CO₂ —> glucose + O₂

Cellular Respiration

glucose + O —> CO₂ + H₂O + ATP

chemosynthesis

bacteria and archaea using energy to create food

food webs

graph that shows all trophic eating

Rule of tens

only 10% of energy transfer from 1 trophic level to the next

Gross Primary Productivity - R

What is the Net Primary Productivity formula?

Net Primary Productivity + R

What is the Gross Primary Productivity formula?

hydrologic/water cycle

movement of water through the biosphere

transpiration, evaporation, runoff, infiltration, percolation

What are the steps of the water cycle?

Nitrogen Cycle

Important compound of 1. amino acids (make up protein) 2. component of nitrogenous bases of DNA and RNA

phosphorus cycle

major component of DNA, RNA, and ATP

weathering of rocks

Where is phosphorus found on land?

forms sediment at the bottom of the ocean; not water soluble

Where is phosphorous found in water?

False

True or False: Phosphorous has an atmospheric form

Phosphorous

________ causes algae blooms

eutrophication

over-enrichment of a water body with nutrients leading to excessive plant and algae growth, which then dies, depletes the oxygen in the water and creates a dead zone

thermal pollution

when water is used as a coolant and causes sudden changes in temperature and depletion of oxygen, harming marine life

sediment pollution

pollution in water from soil and dirt; comes from construction and deforestation

wetlands

where land meets water; crucial for acting as filters to prevent floods and pollution

Swamps, marshes, bogs

What are the three types of wetlands?

watersheds

all land in a given landscape that drains into a particular stream, river, lake, or wetland

riparian zone

interface between land and a river on stream

carrying capacity

max population size of a species that a given environment can support

density dependent

stronger effects on large populations than smaller ones

disease, competition for resources, predation

What are examples of density dependent limiting factors?

density independent

some effect regardless of population size

Natural disasters

What is an example of a density independent limiting factors?

logistic growth

strains population growth, S shaped

exponential growth

unregulated population growth, J shaped

biotic potential

max reproductive growth of a population under ideal condition (highest birth lowest death)

K species

less kids, longer lives

elephants and humans

What are examples of K-selected species?

r species

many kids, short lives

spiders

What is an example of a r-selected species?

specialist

particular and picky for food and habitat

panda and bamboo

What is an example of a specialist?

generalist

broad and can live off many habitats and foods

survivorship curve

organism → population → community → ecosystem → biosphere

What is the order for organization of life?

intraspecific competition

competition between 2 or more species

interspecific competition

competition within species

Competitive Exclusion Principle

two species competing for same limiting resources cannot coexist

resource partitioning

differation of niches

keystone species

a species whose removal would cause drastic changes

mutualism

intraspecific interaction where both species benefit

commensalism

one species benefits and other is neutral

parasitism

one lives on or in another organism

abiotic

non-living physical with chemical elements

biotic

living components of an ecosystem

primary succession

pioneer species colonize newly exposed area

secondary succession

community change after an event

invasive species

non-native, exotic organisms that spread widely, dominate, and have harmful effects on ecological communities

natural selection

individuals that have certain genetic traits survive and reproduce at a higher rate than other individuals

genetic drift

variation in relative frequency of different genotypes in small populations

bottleneck effect

when a population size drastically shrinks because natural disasters cause a severe loss of genetic diversity

founder effect

occurs when few individuals become isolated from a large population and affect allele frequencies

endemic species

limited geographic range and habitat

genetic diversity

differences in DNA among individuals

species diversity

variety of species in a given area

habitat diversity

variety of habitat, ecosystems, communities

species richness

number of species in a given area

species evenness

measure of whether a particular ecosystem is numerically dominated by one species

Habitat loss, Invasive species, Pollution, Climate change, Overharvesting

What does HIPCO stand for?

wildlife corridor

connection between fragmented habitats that allow wildlife to move safely between them

provisioning, regulating, cultural, supporting

What are the 4 ecosystem services?

provisioning services

benefits that can be extracted from nature, like food, water, and timber

regulating services

benefit provided by ecosystem processes that moderate natural phenomena, like air quality, soil, floods

cultural services

non-material benefits which contribute to development and culture of people, like swimming, hiking, skiing

supporting services

helps sustain consistency of underlying natural processes, like photosynthesis, water cycle, creation of soil

Endangered Species Act

• passed 1973

• US Fish and Wildlife must maintain list of endangered and threatened species and develop recovery plan for each

• forbids government and citizens from harming listed species and habitats

• forbids trade in products made from listed species

CITES

bans international trade of body parts of endangered species

captive breeding

raising and breeding organisms in controlled conditions like zoos and aquariums

Species Survival Plan

program to save individual species by captive breeding, education, and research

ecosystem approach

collaboration of managing land, water, and living resources

biodiversity hot spots

focuses attention on areas where the greatest number of species can be protected with the least effort

ecological restoration

process of assisting the recovery of ecosystems that have been degraded, damaged, or destroyed

endangered species

species threatened by extinction

island biogeography

distance from the mainland and size affects colonization

biodiversity distribution

species not evenly distributed globally within a given geographic area

equator

Biodiversity increases toward ______

Demographics

• Population size

• Density and distribution

• Age structure

• Sex ratio

• Birth, death, immigration, emigration

India, China, USA

What are the top 3 largest populations?

Quote from Thomas Matthus

If we kept producing, we would run out of resources because of war, famine, and hardship.

Gross domestic product

What does GDP stand for?

\frac{\left(CBR+imm\right)-\left(CDR+emi\right)}{10}

What is the growth rate formula?

\frac{\left(CBR-CDR\right)}{10}

What is the global growth rate formula?

\frac{70}{GR}

What is the formula for Doubling Time?

\frac{\vert new-old\vert}{old}\cdot100

What is the percent change formula?