Exam 3

body mass index

a measure of relative body weight correlating highly with more direct measures of body fat, calculated by dividing total body weight by the square of body height

female athlete triad

a condition consisting of interrelated disorders: abnormal eating patterns, excessive exercise, a lack of menstrual periods (amenorrhea), and decreased bone density

short stature

women less than 5 foot tall and men less that 5'5

binge eating

a pattern of eating in which normal food consumption is interrupted by episodes of high consumption

energy density

number of calories per ounce or gram of food: foods with low energy density have high volume or bulk with few calories, whereas those with high energy density provide many calories in a very small portion

essential fat

fat incorporated in various tissues of the body that is critical for normal body functioning

adipose tissue

tissue in which fat is stored

subcutaneous fat

fat located under the skin

visceral fat

fat located around major organs

percent body fat

the percentage of total body weight that is composed of fat

overweight

body weight above the recommended range for good health, sometimes defined as a body mass index between 25 and 29.9, a measure of the proportion of weight and height

obesity

severely overweight, characterized by an excessive accumulation of body fat, may also be defined in terms of some measure of total body weight or a body mass index of 30 or more

metabolic syndrome

a cluster of symptoms present in many overweight and obese people that greatly increases their risk of heart disease, diabetes, and other chronic illnesses; symptoms include insulin resistance, abnormal blood fats, abnormal fat deposition, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and high blood glucose

insulin resistance

a condition in which body cells do not respond normally to insulin and cannot easily absorb glucose from the bloodstream; excess glucose can build up in the blood

chronic inflammation

a response of blood vessels to harmful substances such as germs, damaged cells, or irritants; can lease to heart disease, cancer, allergies, and muscle degeneration

erectile dysfunction

inability of a man to develop an erection firm enough for sex, risk factor for coronary heart disease

fatty liver

increased fat storage in the liver that can lead to liver inflammation and failure

amenorrhea

absent or infrequent menstruation, sometimes related to unhealthily low levels of body fat and excessive quantity or intensity of exercise

energy balance

a condition that occurs when energy intake equals energy expenditure: the key to achieving and maintaining a healthy body weight

resting metabolic rate

the energy required to maintain vital body functions whole the body is at rest, including respiration, heart rate, body temperature, and blood pressure

body image

the mental representation a person holds about their body is influenced by cultural models and consists of perceptions, images, thoughts, attitudes, and emotions about the body

eating disorder

a serious disturbance in eating patterns or eating-related behavior characterized by a negative body image and concerns about body weight or body fat

anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by a refusal to maintain body weight at a minimally healthy level and an intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, self-starvation

bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating and then purging to prevent weight gain

purging

the use of vomiting, laxatives, enemas, diuretics, and diet pills to compensate for food that has been eaten and that the person fears will produce weight gain

binge-eating disorder

an eating disorder characterized by repeated episodes of eating large amount or food in a short period of time; episodes are usually marked by feelings of lack of control

diabetes mellitus

a disease that disrupts normal metabolism, interfering with cells' ability to take in glucose for energy production

cardiac arrest

malfunctioning of the heart in which it suddenly stops beating due to electrical problems in the heart cells

cell pump

structures in cell walls that work to maintain normal cell levels of sodium, potassium, and calcium. exercise training increases the activity of these pumps which helps prevent fatigue

inflammation

the body's response to tissue and cell damage, environmental poisons, or metabolic health