Enzymes and Cellular Respiration - Biology 10

Enzyme

Protein that speeds up a chemical reactions in a living thing by decreasing the activation energy

Catalyst

Substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

Active Site

Part of an enzyme where the chemical reaction occurs

Activation Energy

Energy needed to start a reaction

Substrate

Reactant that enters an enzyme's active site

Product

Substance produced in a chemical reaction

Enzyme-Substrate Complex

Temporary complex formed when a substrate binds to its enzyme

Chemical Reaction

Process where one substance changes to produce a different substances

Competitive Inhibitor

Substance that reduces an enzyme's activity by entering the active site, blocking the substrate

Non-Competitive Inhibitor

Substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location that's not the active site, changing its shape

Optimal Temperature

Enzyme functions at neither extremely high nor low temperatures

Optimal pH

Enzyme functions at neither extremely high nor low pH levels

Denatured

An enzyme changes shape so it can no longer speed up a reaction

Induced Fit

Model where the substrate enters the enzyme, the active site of an enzyme changes shape to better bind to the substrate

Lock and Key Model

Model of the enzyme that shows the substrate fitting perfectly into the active site

Purpose of Cellular Respiration

Turn consumed glucose into ATP

Aerobic Respiration

Requires oxygen

Anaerobic Respiration

Does not require oxygen

Who performs Aerobic Respiration?

Animals, plants, and some bacteria

Who performs Anaerobic Respiration?

Fungi and lactic acid fermentation in animals and some bacteria

Cellular Respiration Equation

C6H12O6 + 6O2 --- 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

Cellular Respiration Equation in Words

Glucose + Oxygen --- Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP

Where are the Products of Photosynthesis in Cellular Respiration?

The Reactants

Where are the Reactants of Photosynthesis in Cellular Respiration?

The Products

Where does the Glucose in Cellular Respiration come from?

Consuming food for animals or making

How do plants obtain Glucose?

Photosynthesis

How do animals obtain Glucose?

By eating plants or animals

Alcoholic Fermentation

Anaerobic process where yeasts and other microorganisms break down sugars to form carbon dioxide and ethanol

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Anaerobic process breaking down carbohydrates that produces lactic acid

Most Efficient Respiration Type

Aerobic

Why do muscles burn when exerting energy?

With not enough oxygen reaching the muscles to make energy, the body must switch to anaerobic respiration, which produces the burning lactic acid

What process does Anaerobic and Aerobic Respiration have in common?

Glycolysis

Which respiration processes do humans do?

When needed, humans can do anaerobic respiration, but mostly do aerobic respiration

Reactants of Glycolysis

Glucose

Products of Glycolysis

2 Pyruvate, NADH, and 2 ATP

What happens to the 2 Pyruvate after Glycolysis?

The Pyruvate is turned into Acetyl-CoA for the Krebs Cycle

What happens to the NADH after Glycolysis?

NADH moves on to the electron transport chain

Where does Glycolysis occur?

The Cytoplasm

What organisms do the Krebs Cycle?

Plants, animals, and some bacteria

Krebs Cycle Reactants

Acetyle-CoA with Oxygen

Krebs Cycle Products

2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and Water

What are NADH and FADH2 used for?

NADH and FADH2 move on to the electron transport chain

Where does the Krebs Cycle occur?

The Matrix of the Mitochondria

What organisms do the Electron Transport Chain?

Plants and Animals

Electron Transport Chain Reactants

NADH, FADH2, Hydrogen Protons, ADP, and Oxygen

Electron Transport Chain

Chain of proteins where electrons move across powering the creation of a concentration gradient which pushes protons through the ATP-Synthase

How much ATP does the Electron Transport Chain generate?

0

How much ATP does Chemiosmosis generate?

32 - 34

Electron Transport Chain Final Electron Acceptor

Oxygen

What does the Electron Transport Chain do to Electrons?

Breaks the large amounts of free-energy into smaller parts to be released in a more manageable way

Chemiosmosis

Protons moving from the Matrix to the Intermembrane Space, with the power of electrons, to then go through ATP-Synthase

Carbon Sinks

The ocean, atmosphere, soil, and plantsCa

Carbon Sources

Burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, volcanic eruptions, and respiration