Psychology - Ch. 7 Learning

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32 Terms

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Positive Reinforcement

add a desirable stimulus

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Negative Reinforcement

remove an aversive stimulus

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Learning

a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience

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Associative Learning

linking 2 events that occur close together in time

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Respondent Behavior

occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

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Extinction

diminished conditioned response when unconditional stimulus no longer follows conditional stimulus

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Spontaneous Recovery

reappearance of weakened conditioned response after pause

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Generalization

tendency to respond to stimuli similar to conditional stimulus

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Discrimination

learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

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Operant Conditioning

associate a response (behavior) and its consequences

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Law of Effect

stated that rewarded behavior is likely to recur

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Continuous Reinforcement

the desired response is reinforced every time it occurs

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Partial Reinforcement

responses are sometimes reinforced and sometimes not reinforced

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Fixed-Ratio Schedules

reinforced behavior after a set number of responses

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Variable-Ratio Schedules

reinforce behavior after an unpredictable number of responses

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Fixed-Interval Schedules

reinforced behavior after a fixed time period

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Variable-Interval Schedules

reinforce the first response after varying time intervals

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Immediate Reinforcer

reinforcer that occurs closely to a behavior in time

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Delayed Reinforcer

reinforcer that is delayed in time for a certain behavior

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Punishment

an adverse event that decreases the behavior that it follows

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Positive Punishment

administer an adverse stimulus

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Negative Punishment

withdraw a desirable stimulus

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Latent Learning

learning that becomes apparent only when there is an incentive to demonstrate it

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Cognitive Map

mental representation of the physical features in the environment

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Observational Learning

learning by observing others, imitating models, without direct experience

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Modeling

observing and imitating specific behaviors

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Mirror Models

neurons in frontal lobe that fire when performing certain actions or observing others perform those actions

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_____ was the scientist whose experiment with dogs led to the discovery of classical conditioning.

Ivan Pavlov

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_____ behavior produces events in the environment, whereas respondent behavior occurs as an automatic response to a stimulus.

operant

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Classical and operant conditioning involve learning by linking events; that is, conditioning involves learning by _____.

association

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In classical conditioning, the _____ stimulus naturally and automatically triggers a response.

unconditioned

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Learning that occurs internally and is expressed behaviorally only when there is sufficient incentive to do so is called _____ learning.

latent