Psychology - Ch. 7 Learning

Positive Reinforcement

add a desirable stimulus

Negative Reinforcement

remove an aversive stimulus

Learning

a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience

Associative Learning

linking 2 events that occur close together in time

Respondent Behavior

occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

Extinction

diminished conditioned response when unconditional stimulus no longer follows conditional stimulus

Spontaneous Recovery

reappearance of weakened conditioned response after pause

Generalization

tendency to respond to stimuli similar to conditional stimulus

Discrimination

learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

Operant Conditioning

associate a response (behavior) and its consequences

Law of Effect

stated that rewarded behavior is likely to recur

Continuous Reinforcement

the desired response is reinforced every time it occurs

Partial Reinforcement

responses are sometimes reinforced and sometimes not reinforced

Fixed-Ratio Schedules

reinforced behavior after a set number of responses

Variable-Ratio Schedules

reinforce behavior after an unpredictable number of responses

Fixed-Interval Schedules

reinforced behavior after a fixed time period

Variable-Interval Schedules

reinforce the first response after varying time intervals

Immediate Reinforcer

reinforcer that occurs closely to a behavior in time

Delayed Reinforcer

reinforcer that is delayed in time for a certain behavior

Punishment

an adverse event that decreases the behavior that it follows

Positive Punishment

administer an adverse stimulus

Negative Punishment

withdraw a desirable stimulus

Latent Learning

learning that becomes apparent only when there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Cognitive Map

mental representation of the physical features in the environment

Observational Learning

learning by observing others, imitating models, without direct experience

Modeling

observing and imitating specific behaviors

Mirror Models

neurons in frontal lobe that fire when performing certain actions or observing others perform those actions

_____ was the scientist whose experiment with dogs led to the discovery of classical conditioning.

Ivan Pavlov

_____ behavior produces events in the environment, whereas respondent behavior occurs as an automatic response to a stimulus.

operant

Classical and operant conditioning involve learning by linking events; that is, conditioning involves learning by _____.

association

In classical conditioning, the _____ stimulus naturally and automatically triggers a response.

unconditioned

Learning that occurs internally and is expressed behaviorally only when there is sufficient incentive to do so is called _____ learning.

latent