Rome key people, battles, and ideas for midterm that you keep forgetting

Polybius

HISTORIAN: Greek hostage who wrote about first hand experience of Punic Wars

Livy

HISTORIAN: reliable and wrote most of Roman history based off connections in oral history and legends

Romulus

KING: founded Rome in 753 BCE

Lucius Tarquinius Superbus

KING: last one and symbolized end of kingdom in 509 BCE

Servius Tullius

KING: 6th King and did Servian reforms which expanded military, established direct democracy through Comitia centuriata, and expanded the military

Aristodemus

TYRANT who defeated Etruscan armies for Cumae in 8th century BCE

Dionysius I

TYRANT of SYRACUSE who led territorial conquest and pushed a standardized currency

Early expansion for Greeks, Phoencians, and Etruscans?

Phoenicians (Carthage and Motya) value alliances over conquest
Etruscans (Tarquinia, Caere, and Veii) value alliances over conquest

Greeks (Cumae and Syracuse) value territorial conquest

What century did the Bronze age collapse and rapid expansion occur?

1200 c BCE and 9th century BCE

What locations expanded first in the Late Bronze Age?

Coastal areas, rivers, natural harbors

Date of Conflict of Orders and events in it?

494-287: 1st Secession of the Plebs (494), Twelve Tables (450), Lex Canuleia (445)

What was Motya?

Carthage’s major trading hub and expansion model

What was early Carthage like?

independent from motherland

Battle of Lake Regillus (496 BCE)

End of Tarquinius and defeat of Latin League

Battle of Cremera (477 BCE)

Fabian clan fought for Rome and slaughtered by Veii

Battle of Veii (396 BCE)

total destruction of Veii and transition from ity-state to territorial empire

Battle of Allia

Gallic “sack of Rome” that Caere supported Rome with

Rome subdues Arezzo quickly because…

afraid that socio-economic order could be disrupted

Why does Rome enter Tarentum’s harbor, getting their ships sunk? (Around Pyrrhic War)

Sources unknown

Battle of Heraclea (280 BCE)

PYRRHIC WAR: major loss because of war elephants

Battle of Asculum (279 BCE)

PYRRHIC WAR: both sides suffer; Pyrrhic Victory

Battle of Beneventum (275 BCE)

PYRRHIC WAR: Pyrrhus defeated and Rome takes over Italian peninsula

Praetors

legal disputes and laws

Quastors

public funds and taxation of provinces

Aediles

public spaces and festivals

Tribunes

sacrosanct

Army structure in Early republic?

Based on property ownership; not a professional standing army, citizens called when needed

How did the Roman Maniple compare to the earlier Phalanx army formation?

One tight solid unit vs. smaller units (Phalanx stronger but less adaptable, Maniple adaptable but less strong)

Marian Reforms? (2nd c. BCE)

• long-term professional service

• veterans placed in plots of land

• standing legions on land (police stations)

Cause of 1st Punic War? (264 BCE)

Mamertines in Messana helped by Carthage and Rome feared their influence so they sent consuls to aid the Mamertines

Battle of Messana (264 BCE)

1ST PUNIC WAR: the start

Battle of Agrigentum (262 BCE)

1ST PUNIC WAR: First major land battle with Roman victory but both sides suffered losses

Battle at Lipari Islands (260 BCE)

1ST PUNIC WAR: Rome realizes navy is inferior

Battle of Mylae (260 BCE)

1ST PUNIC WAR: First Roman naval victory

Battle of Cape Ecnomus (256 BCE)

1ST PUNIC WAR: biggest naval battle and Rome won

After the Battle of Cape Ecnomus, what happened when Carthage sued for peace in North Africa during the 1st Punic War?

1ST PUNIC WAR: Rome offers humiliating terms and Carthage refuses; war continues

Consul Marcus Atilius Regulus

1ST PUNIC WAR: After Battle of Bagradas/Tunis, he was sent to Rome to negotiate prisoner exchange; instead advised Senate to reject the deal and he returned to Carthage where he was executed; SYMBOLIZES AMBITION OF THE ROMAN CONSUL AND HOW IT HURTS THE REPUBLIC

Battle for Bagradas River or Battle of Tunis (255 BCE)

1ST PUNIC WAR: led by consul Marcus Atilius Regulus and major Roman loss due to Xanthippus and elephants

BATTLE OF DREPANA (249 BCE)

1ST PUNIC WAR: worst Roman NAVAL defeat because of Claudius Pulcher’s mistake of ignoring bad omens

Battle of Aegates Islands (241 BCE)

1ST PUNIC WAR: final decisive battle and Rome wins

Treaty of Lutatius (241 BCE)

1ST PUNIC WAR END:

• Carthage gives up all Islands and holdings in Sicily

• must not return or risk war

• release all Roman prisoners of war

• pay huge fine

Queen Teuta of Illyria (231-227 BCE)

• took over Illyria, land of pirates, and increased piracy

• made bold move of attacking Peloponnese over simple piracy

• Roman ambassadors met with her and demanded piracy ends because she sacks their urban center, Epirus

• She assassinates their ambassador and after war is subdued by Rome

Mercenary War (241-218 BCE)

War between Carthage and unpaid mercenaries where Rome takes Sardinia in the mean time

Hamilcar Barca

MERCENARY WAR: hated Rome and brought stability to Carthage through wealth from Spanish campaigns

Hasdrubal (228 BCE)

Hamilcar’s son and created Ebro Treaty

The Ebro Treaty

Carthage can’t go NORTH of River and Rome can’t go SOUTH of river

Hannibal

other son who leads 2nd Punic War

Start of 2nd Punic war? (219 BCE)

• Hannibal’s siege of Saguntum

• Rome’s alliance with Saguntum

• Roman expansionism

• Hannibal’s hatred inherited from Hamilcar

• Carthage’s newfound wealth

Parts of home:

domus - house
vestibulum - porch
fauces - hall

atrium - courtyard

impulvium - pool

ala - open rooms on either side of atrium

cubiculum - private rooms

tablinum - open rooms for entertainment

triclinium - formal dining rooms

portico - porch

peristyle - line an inner garden or porch

oecus - main hall for salon

Money?

1 denarius = 20-25
1 sestersius = 4 denarii

Appius Claudius CAUDEX

began 1st Punic war

Appius Claudius CAECUS

created Via Appia, roads, and aqueducts

Cloaca Maxima

first sewage system

Roman lectica

used to carry elites

Markets?

Tarjan’s Market and Marcella

Publius Cornelius Scipio and Gnaeus Calvus in 2nd Punic War?

Led a Roman army toward Spain to defeat Hannibal, unaware that he is going to Rome through the Alps (SCIPIO defeats Hannibal later on)

Sempronius Longus in 2nd Punic War?

Led the second Roman army toward North Africa

Battle of Ticino, Battle of Trebia, Battle of Lake Trasimene (218-216)

2ND PUNIC WAR: small carthaginian victories when Hannibal first entered Italy

BATTLE OF CANNAE (216 BCE)

2ND PUNIC WAR: worst Roman defeat, double-envelopment tactic, elephants in middle; Roman allies switch sides

First Macedonian War?

2ND PUNIC WAR: King Phillip of Macedon sent ambassadors to Hannibal in Italy and Rome goes on the defensive, positioning ships in the Adriatic

Turning point for Rome during 2nd Punic War?

Defeating Hannibal’s brothers that come to Italy

Archimedes

intelligent man who was excellent at battle tactics and experimentation; killed when Rome captured Syracuse in 212 BCE

Publius Cornelius Scipio AFRICANUS

2ND PUNIC WAR: sailed with huge naval force to Carthage in Africa and defeated them in famous Battle of Zama

Battle of Zama (202 BCE)

2ND PUNIC WAR: Carthage DEFEAT because stronger forces on outside with weaker forces on inside

Second Macedonian War (200-197)

Rome defends ally Pergamon in Greece against Macedonians

Consul Lucius Quinctius Flaminius

2ND MACEDONIAN WAR: wins and his violent behavior shows how violence was allowed for the sake of personal glory/entertainment

Battle of Cynoscephalae (197 BCE)

2ND MACEDONIAN WAR: Rome wins; Macedonian Phalanx now inferior and no more Macedonian influence in Greece

Third Macedonian War (171-168 BCE)

Macedonian monarchy destroyed (Battle of Pydna)

Fourth Macedonian War (150-148 BCE)

Macedonian independence ends and becomes Roman province

Andriscus the Pretender

claimed to be the son of King Perseus of Macedon and tried to restore the Macedonian monarchy during the 4th Macedonian War (failed)

Rome and Antiochus IV

Rome forced him to withdraw from Egypt during Syrian War without even fighting (drew a circle with a stick)

Third Punic War (149-146 BCE)

TOTAL DESTRUCTION OF CARTHAGE

Achaean War and Sack of CORINTH? (148-146 BCE)

Rome vs. Achaean League over Sparta → Rome COMPLETELY DESTROYS their beautiful capital CORINTH in a similar way Carthage was

Dignitas

power from individual respect

Tiberius Gracchus (163-133)

• Lex Agraria (133 BCE)

• bypassed the Senate and went directly to the plebeian assembly

Gaius Gracchus (123-122 BCE)

• rent and exempting allied-held public land

• new colonies established

• Grain Law (Lex Frumentaria) which prevented food riots

• Tax reform by empowering tax collectors

• Equestrian over senate juries (mixed courts → Lex Iudiciaria and Lex repetundarum)

What was the Senate’s last straw after Gaius’ reforms?

Building a Roman colony in Carthage

Marian Reforms (107 BCE)

• regular pay and equipment

• land promised

• removal of property qualifications →inclusion of poorest class

Gaius Marius (157-86 BCE)

• consul 6 times

• defeated the Cimbri

• secured Numidia →earned a triumph and led to his first election in 104

• aligned with populares because he granted citizenship outside of Rome and supported Saturninus

Saturninus (103-100 BCE)

• established all-equestrian juries and courts for treason cases

• radical Tribune who supported Marius

Crisis of 99 BCE

• Saturninus wanted plebeian Glaucia elected even if he was ineligible

• Not supported by Marius

• Senatus consultum issued and both killed

Senatus Consultum Ultimum

emergency declaration that let magistrates use absolute force to protect the state

Drusus Reforms (91 BCE)

• tribune of plebs

• proposed citizenship to Rome’s Italian allies → ASSASINATED

• led to Social War

Social War (89 BCE)

• Confederacy of Italia vs. Rome

• Italian peninsula unified as Roman due to citizenship offers

Mithridates VI

• king of Pontus

• captured and executed consul Aquillius because of plans to invade him

• complies at first with Rome

Sulla (138-78 BCE)

• patrician and optimates

• consulship to take care of First Mithridatic War

• led two successful marches on Rome

• ambitious and ruthless

Cause of Sulla’s First March on Rome?

• Tribune Sulpicius wanted Marius to gain command of Mithridatic War through equal tribal distribution

• A riot happens after Sulla opposed the idea

• Sulla escapes, Marius gains command, he comes back with Roman army

• Marius declared a public enemy

Roman Army

Century → Cohort → Legion

Civil War (87-82)

• Marius returns and captures Rome during it in 87

• Marius and Cinna elected consuls

• Sulla on Eastern Campaigns (recaptured Greece from Mithridates (Treaty of Daranus) and punishes Asia)

Battle of the Colline Gate (82 BCE)

• Sulla crushes Samnite and Marian forces during second March on Rome

• Sulla’s public enemy list

• seized Marius’ land for his veterans

Sulla as dictator, after the civil war, and after Mithridates?

• expanded Senate

• weakened tribunate and ended plebiscitary legislation

• redistributed his legions in newly conquered places from campaigns

• died to old age

Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey the Great)

• wealthy and successful military general who fought rebellions

• supported Sulla during civil war

• youngest to earn a triumph (The Great) after defeating rest of Marian faction

• bypassed traditional political career path to become consul (never was quastor, praeter, or magistrate)

Marcus Licinius Crassus

• richest man in Rome (from investment, fire brigades, seizing and selling property of enemies)

• consul with Pompey

• died from molten gold in failed Parthian campaigns

• wanted military glory through super commands

Spartacus Slave Revolt (72 BCE)

• suppressed by Crassus →overshadowed by Pompey