1026

Programming

Programming

The act of designing, implementing, and testing computer programs

encapsulation

The process of providing a public interface, while hiding the implementation details

central processing unit

performs program control and data processing

control unit

directs the operation of the processor

arithmetic logic unit

contains the circuitry to perform calculations and do comparisons

gigabyte

about 1 billion bytes

Software

typically realized as an application program

Algorithm

a sequence (the order mattering) of actions to take to accomplish the given task

Compile‐time Errors (aka Syntax Errors)

• Spelling, capitalization, punctuation

• Ordering of statements, matching of parenthesis, quotes...

• No executable program is created by the compiler

• Correct first error listed, then compile again.

• Repeat until all errors are fixed

Run‐time Errors (aka Logic Errors)

• The program runs, but produces unintended results

• The program may 'crash'

Program

a sequence of instructions and decisions

Storage

includes memory and secondary storage

Input

A program gets data, perhaps from a file, keyboard, touchscreen, network, etc.

Process

A program performs computations on that data, such as adding two values like x + y.

Output

A program puts that data somewhere, such as to a file, screen, or network.

variables

Programs use these to refer to data

computational thinking

creating a sequence of instructions to solve a problem

Python interpreter

a computer program that executes code written in the Python programming language

interactive interpreter

a program that allows the user to execute one line of code at a time.

Code

a common word for the textual representation of a program

line

a row of text

prompt

indicates the interpreter is ready to accept code

statement

a program instruction.

Expressions

code that return a value when evaluated

assignment

A new variable is created by performing this

print()

displays variables or expression values.

comments

optional but can be used to explain portions of code to a human reader.

string literal

Text enclosed in quotes

newline character

Output can be moved to the next line by printing "\n"

whitespace

Any space, tab, or newline

input()

Reading input is achieved using this function

string

any text that a user typed, including numbers, letters, or special characters like # or @

type

determines how a value can behave

int()

can be used to convert a string to an integer

crash

Abrupt and unintended termination of a program

bug

A logic error

Integrated Development Environment (IDE)

Code development is usually done with this

bits

0s and 1s

processors

created to execute a list of desired calculations

instruction

a calculation

memory

a circuit that can store 0s and 1s in each of a series of thousands of addressed locations

application (app)

a programmer-created sequence of instructions

machine instructions

Instructions represented as 0s and 1s

executable program

a sequence of machine instructions together

assembly language instructions

human readable instructions

compilers

programs that automatically translate high-level language programs into executable programs.

screen

displays items to a user

keyboard

allows a user to provide input to the computer, typically accompanied by a mouse for graphical displays.

disk

stores files and other data, such as program files, song/movie files, or office documents

import

A module is made available for use via the __________ statement

RAM

temporarily holds data read from storage and is designed such that any address can be accessed much faster than disk, in just a few clock ticks rather than hundreds of ticks.

byte

8 bits

operating system

allows a user to run other programs and interfaces with the many other peripherals

clock

A processor's instructions execute at a rate governed by this

transistors

smaller switches

Integrated Circuit (IC)

in 1958 transistors were integrated onto a single chip called an __________________________

Moore's Law

The doubling of IC capacity roughly every 18 months, which continues today.

scripting languages

programmers created these to execute programs without the need for compilation.

script

a program whose instructions are executed by another program called an interpreter.

Python

a scripting language

open-source

the community of users participate in defining the language and creating new interpreters, and is supported by a large community of programmers

assignment statement

assigns a variable with a value

incrementing

Increasing a variable's value by 1

identifier (name)

a sequence of letters (a-z, A-Z), underscores (_), and digits (0-9), and must start with a letter or an underscore.

case sensitive

upper- and lowercase letters differ

reserved words/keywords

words that are part of the language, and thus, cannot be used as a programmer-defined name

PEP 8

a document that outlines the basics of how to write Python code neatly and consistently

object

represents a value and is automatically created by the interpreter when executing a line of code

garbage collection

Deleting unused objects, an automatic process

Name binding

the process of associating names with interpreter objects.

Value

such as "20", "abcdef", or 55.

Type

such as integer or string.

Identity

A unique identifier that describes the object.

Mutability

indicates whether the object's value is allowed to be changed.

immutable

modifying their values with assignment statements results in new objects being created and the names bound to the new object.

floating-point number

a real number

float

a data type for floating-point numbers.

floating-point literal

written with the fractional part even if that fraction is 0

scientific notation

written using an e preceding the power-of-10 exponent

Overflow

occurs when a value is too large to be stored in the memory allocated by the interpreter.

OverflowError

For a standard 32-bit installation of Python, the maximum floating-point value is approximately 1.8x10308, and the minimum floating-point value is 2.3x10-308. Assigning a floating-point value outside of this range generates an

expression

a combination of items, like variables, literals, operators, and parentheses, that evaluates to a value

literal

a specific value in code

operator

a symbol that performs a built-in calculation

addition

subtraction/negation

multiplication

division

/

exponent

**

evaluates

An expression __________ to a value, which replaces the expression

precedence rules

An expression is evaluated using the order of standard mathematics, and such order is known in programming as

unary minus

Minus (-) used as negative

compound operators

provide a shorthand way to update a variable

modulo operator (%)

evaluates the remainder of the division of two integer operands

module

a file containing Python code that can be used by other modules or scripts