Social Psychology Chapter 12

What is the effect that the words, actions, or mere presence of other people have on our thoughts, feelings, attitudes, or behavior?

social influence

What are norms?

standards for behavior that are widely shared by members of a culture

What is normative influence?

look at others to see what is appropriate

Why is normative influence used?

so that you do not stick out

Describe this situation: You're at a dinner party and everyone is talking politics and you do not agree with the general viewpoints. You do not say anything because you realize you are in the minority regarding your opinionsYou're at a dinner party and everyone is talking politics and you do not agree with the general viewpoints. You do not say anything because you realize you are in the minority regarding your opinions

Normative Influence

What is informational influence?

another person's behavior provides info about what is good or true

Descrive following: . You assume someone is more knowledgeable than you about a political candidate, so you vote according to how they vote.

informational influence

What is conformity?

tendency to do what others do simply because others are doing it

What is the Asch's Conformity Study?

Asch was interested to see whether people would conform to a group even if it meant doing something that's clearly wrong.

He asked volunteers to take part in a visual discrimination task although all but one of the participants were really confederates.

They were seated around a table and were asked to look at 3 lines of different lengths. They took it in turns to call out which of the three lines they though were the same length as the 'standard' line with the real participant always answering 2nd to last.

On 1/3 trials the confederates were told to give the same incorrect answer.

In a group think what is important?

maintain group cohesiveness than to consider the facts realistically

In a groupthink who is looked down upon?

someone who disagrees

What is the bay of pigs invasion?

Invasion of Cuba

Who is rewarded in groupthink?

someone who agrees

Members feel they cannot fail

Invulnerability

Members explain away warning signs and help each other rationalize their decision

Rationalization

Members do not examine the ethical implications of their decision because they believe that they cannot make immoral choices

Lack of introspection

Members stereotype their enemies as weak, stupid, or unreasonable

Stereotyping

Members pressure each other not to question the prevailing opinion

Pressure

Members do not express opinions that differ from the group consensus

Lack of disagreement

Members share in the illusion that they all agree with the decision

Self-deception

Members prevent the group from hearing disruptive but potentially useful information from people who are outside the group

Insularity

What is deindividuation?

Lessening of personal identity and personal responsibility when in a group

What does deindividuation cause?

lack of self-control that would not occur individually

Why does deindividuation cause a lack of self control?

degree of anonymity

What is the following example of: riots, mob mentality, looting, genocide?

deindividuation

What is compliance?

changing one's behavior as a result of other people directing or asking for change

In compliance, who asks for change?

someone who doesn't have authority

What is small request is made and after gaining compliance, larger request is made?

foot in the door

What is denying a large request increases the likelihood of compliance with a smaller request later?

door in the face

What is get an initial commitment form an individual and then change the "deal"

low ball

What is an attempt to influence a person by demonstrations of attention and affection?

love bombing

What is changing one's behavior at the command of an authority figure?

obediance

Why is obedience different from compliance?

direct command vs a request

What is the Study where participants told to act as teachers and deliver shocks to learners every time they made a memory mistake. Each mistake led to a shock of increasing voltage. 65% of participants continued delivering shocks all the way to the end of the experiment, beyond the point where the learner had stopped screaming and fallen silent. Study suggests it takes remarkably little within a situation to produce monstrous acts

Milgram Study

What is an enduring positive or negative evaluation of a person, object, idea, or event?

attitude

What is an enduring piece of knowledge about an object or event?

belief

What is the 3 components of attitude?

behavioral, cognitive, affective

What is classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person ?

vicarious conditioning

What is the following examples of: Direct contact with the person, situation, object, or idea Direct instruction from parents or others Interacting with other people who hold a certain attitude Vicarious conditioning

Attitude Formation

What is the process by which one person tries to change the attitudes, beliefs, opinion, position, or course of action of another person through communication with another person?

Persuasion

What is dependent on the source of the message, what the message is, the target audience, and the medium/

persuasion

What is an unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of his or her actions, attitudes, or beliefs?

Cognitive Dissonance

In cognitive to dissonance, what drives person's desire to change so that they don't feel bad anymore?

tension and unpleasant feeling

In cognitive dissonance, people can change their conflicting behavior to what?

match their attitude

In cognitive dissonance, people can change their current conflicting cognition to what?

JUSTIFY their behavior

In cognitive dissonance, why do people form new cognitions?

justify their behaviors

What is a belief that a set of characteristics is shared by all members of a particular social category?

Stereotyping

What are inferences we draw about others based on knowledge of the categories that belong to?

stereotyping

What is the process of explaining one's own behavior and the behavior of others; inferences about the causes of people's behavior?

attribution

The theory of how people make attributions; explains why things happen and why people choose particular explanations for behavior?

Attribution

What are the two causes of behavior?

situational and dispositional causes

Situational Causes are ______

external

Dispositional Causes are ____

internal

What is the fundamental Attribution error other name?

correspondance bias

What is the tendency to make dispositional attributions even when we should make a situational attribution?

fundamental attribution error

What is the tendency to make situational attributions for our own behaviors while making dispositional attributions for the same behavior in others?

actor observer bias

What is the evaluation of another person based on that person's group membership?

Prejudice

What is the positive or negative behavior toward another person based on that person's group membership?

discrimination

____ is an attitude making it difficult to control or eliminate

prejudice

___ is a behavior able to be controlled and possibly eliminated

discrimination

Suffix of ___ indicate prejudice

ism

Discrimination based on age

ageism

Discrimination based on sex

sexism

Discrimination based on race

racism

Discrimination based on ability

Ableism

Discrimination based on physical size/weight

Sizism

What is all the ppl with whom a particular person identifies?

In group

What is everyone not in the in-group?

outgroup

Who is a person or group who serve as the target of frustration and negative emotions of members of the in group?

scape goating

What is the best weapon to prejudice?

intergroup contact

What is it called when everyone is in the same situation with no one group having power over the other?

equal status contact

Equal status contact works best when?

it's combined with intergroup contact

What is liking or having the desire for a relationship with someone else?

interpersonal attraction

What are the rules of attraction?

physical attractiveness, proximity, similarity, reciprocity of liking

____ is a pattern of behavior that is expected of a person who is in a particular social position

social role

What study studied social roles?

Zimbardo Stanford Prison Study

What is behavior that benefits other person without benefitting oneself?

Altruism

What is the bystander effect?

someone else will take care of situation

What is diffusion of responsibility?

less responsible when others are around