Unit 3 WHAP Test

Emperor Qianlong

Emperor Qianlong

1736-1796, poet artist caligrapher, chinese administration and tax revenue at all time high, expand west, anex XinJiang, instal Dalai Lama

Chinese Bureacracy

becomes corrupt, 1733-1796, levying high taxes

Tamerlane (timurid)

invades CA and ME, sets stage for rise of Turkic and GPE's, army composed of nomadic invaders from steppes, moved out of Samarkand, conquers india and persia

Ghazi Ideal

a model for warrior life that blended the cooperative values of nomadic culture with the willingness to serve as a holy fighter for Islam

Tamerlane Conquests

violent conquests, masacres 100k hindus in dehli, still supports learning and art, championed literature, wrote memoirs, samarkand arch still shows influence, use gunpowder to build massive artillery

Downfall of Timurid

did not leave effective political structure behind, weak gov, expensive war ravages economy, clashing of mongol and islamic influence

Centralized Monarchies

administer taxes, army, religion, expanded bureacracies, launch overseas expeditions

Ivan IV (the terrible)

Tzar 1547, expands russia eastward, conquers leftover golden horde khanates, stroganovs hired cossacks to fight tribes and khanates, control Volga River (leads to caspian sea)

Caspian Sea

opens trade to persians/ottomans

China

ming overthrow yuan, 1368, stabilize china for 300yrs, Portuguese and euro begin to encroach on asian trade, expand size of china, expand to keep out north invaders

Xang Xi

emperor of Qing, 1661 to 1722, conquer Taiwan, mongolia, and Tibet, period of stability and expansion

China conflict w west

sell trading priveleges to euro powers, confined to Guangzhou, cant stay longterm (canton system), 1793 british ask for more, Qianlong says dont need euro goods, China is manufacturing capital of world

Gunpowder is used to protect

silk road trading routes

Ottoman Empire

growing power, 15th c., extend into turkey, balkans, NAF, ME, largest most powerful islamic GPE, found in 14th c. by Osman Dynasty

Ottoman Longevity

last 600 yrs until defeat in 1918

Mahmed II "the conqueror"

1451-1481, sieges conquers constantinople, fall of byzantine, city walls crumbled by huge canons, becomes istanbul, seizes western edge of black seas, balkans, ME/NAF after collapse of Mamluks

Mahmed Counters Venice

expands own navy, attack italy, take yearly tribute from venice

Ismail (safavids)

conquers persia and part of iraq, 1501, proclaimed shah- 14-15 yrs old,

Ottoman Trade Embargoes

put against Saf silk traders to assert dominance

Jatis

merchant caste, conducts trade within empire

Decline of GPE's

WEU grows more powerful economically and militarily especially oversea GPE's dont modernize

Decline of Ottomans

suleiman dies, spanish and venetians defeat at Kepanto, series of weak sultans and strong euro neighbors, "sick man of europe"

Ottoman Failed Siege of Vienna

turning point, british french get involved in Otto territory, greek declare independence, russia expands into otto land

Sunni revolt in Afgahnistan (safs)

sack Isfahan (capital), Mahmud declares himself Shah of Persia, weakening centralized control of territory, otto and russia seize some land, replaced by Zarid Dynasty

Russia's Independence

reorganizes army after english french and dutch, survives independentally,

Expansion of Gunpowder

1450-1750 leads to expansion of GPE's

Gunpowder Empires

multi ethnic mostly islamic states in SW and CA, rely on guns to expand, ottomans, safavid, and mughals

Armed Trade

common in GPE's, defend trading rights by force

End of 100 years war leads to

association w country or monarch over lords now

Gutenburg Printing Press

increase in literacy, education, changing of ideas, economic expansion, emergence of large wealthy empires.

Russia

influenced by asia and europe, Kiev Moscow and St. Petersburg = european influenced, in pivotal position for trade

Stroganovs

major Russian landowners

Empire After Ivan Dies

continues to expand into siberia, fur traders and militias defeat tribes, missionaries travel to convert tribes to orthodoxy, 1639 reach pacific, 1741 fur expeditions reach alaska

Qing Dynasty

1644, manchu sieze power, rule until 1911, final dynasty

Uygher

never fully incorporate into chinese pop

White Lotus Rebllion 1796-1804

peasant rebellion, attempt to restore ming, suppressed, 100k peasants killed.

Islamic GPE's

descend from turkish nomads, spoke turkic language, fill vaccum left by mongols, rely on gunpowder weaponry, intial success thanks to military might and weak corrupt govs replaced.

Millet System

Divided regions in the Ottoman Empire by religion, self govern, leaders answer to central gov

Istanbul

center of trade, bosphorus strait, links black and Aegean seas

Suleiman "the magnificent"

1520-1566, ottoman peak, navy conquers Rhodes, take hungary, attack Vienna, strikes fear in euro christians, conquer tripoli (NAf)

Rhodes

former christian knight stronghold

Safavids

originate from Safavid group of sufism, modern azerbajan,

Safavid Cons

dont have a navy, bordered arabian and caspain seas, cant defend trade, lack natural defenses, rise to power through military might and strong leadership

Shah Abbas I

ruled safs at peak, came from far as georgia, import euro weaponry and military advisors, shahs take religous and political power, use Shia islam as unifying force

Sunni Shia conflict

Safs refuse rule by any sunni, conflict w sunni ottomans (sometimes abt overland trade), continues today

Women in Safavid

rarely mentioned, veiled and restricted in movements, can still participate in society, still guaranteed rights by islamic law

Mughals

sunni, Babur founder, descendant of tamerlane, 300 yrs dynasty in india, form centtral gov similar to Suleiman and ottomanss

Akbar

rules as mughals become one of largest, richest, best governed states in world, overseas trade flourished, arabic merchants conduct most

Harem Politics

ottoman, wives and concubines promote own children as heir to throne

Decline of Safavid

bad leaders after shah abbas, lavish lifestyles and crazy military spending weakens economy

Decline of Mughals

Aurangzheb, inherits weak empire, corrupt outdated military, plans to conquer india and rid of hindu influence, drains treasury, peasant uprisings due to intolerance, british and french gain major economic power

King James I

1603-1625, dive right of kings, political religous authority, monarchy is most powerful, monarchs=god even

English Gentry Officials

employed by tudors as Justices of the Peace, maintain peace in counties, settle legal matters, carried out monarchs laws, become one of most powerful groups under tudors, occupy house of commons seats

English Bill of Rights

1689, more civil liberties, process must be carried out before someone is arrested, guarantees protection from tyranny, to set taxes or raise army parliment must agree

Empires methods of keeping control

europe- centralization via taxes military religion
inca- temples
japan- military salary
ottomans- captive bureaucracy

French Administration

absolutism, directly contrasts england

King Henry IV

1589-1610, House of Valois, divine right of monarchy

Louis the XIII

1610-1643, w/ minister Cardinal Kichelier, centralize gov w intendants, royals officials that enforce gov orders, "Tax Farmers"

Louis the XIV

1643-1750, sun king, ruled w divine right, essentially a dictator, wants absolute power and to expand france, "I am the state", combines law and justice system under self, refusal to share power weakens gov

Russia Hierarchy

hierarchical, static
boyars- landed nobles
merchants
peasants- largest group, gradually sink into debt until reach serfdom

Ivan IV (the terrible) Effect

boyar's dislike expansion, ivan conquers Novgorod, takes land, and forces boyars move to moscow to keep eye on them

Oprichina

Paramilitary force loyal to Ivan IV, lower level bureaucrats and merchants, precursor to secret police

Romanov Dynasty

1613, 3 groups compete for control,
-boyars gain and hold power
-royal fam of Tsar
-the church conserve traditional beliefs

Peter the Great

1682-1725, shows comp for power, defeats half sister and Streltsy, forces her into a convent, "defender of orthodoxy", reorganizes gov, provinces

streltsy

group of military officers that attempted to revolt against Peter the Great on his absence, incorporated into army

Russian Provinces (under peter)

provincial officials salaried to limit corruption, establishes senate to advise when peter is away

Ottomans

devishirme system, Janissaries

Devshirme

selective system to staff gov and military, develops out of slavery, christian boys from balkans recruited to serve for gov

Devirshme Teachings

taught skills in politics, art, military and received high value education, indoctrinated to be loyal to sultan

Janissaries

part of devirshme system, elite force in otto army, provides ability for upward mobility, some parents even want kids recruited into it, many become scribes, diplomats, administrators

Ming China

bring back civil service exams, establish national school system, reestablish bureaucracy based on confucian ideals

Qing China

corrupt, tax too much, use military to start putting down peasant rebellions to maintain authority

Shogunate Japan

conflict between diamyo leave japan unstable, use samurai to conquer more territory, start to be salaried, gun powder reaches japan

Oda Nobunaga

purchases muskets from portugese traders, conquers kyoto and forces diamyo to submit, unifies 1/3 japan under real ruler, assassinated

Toyotomi Hideyoshi

completes unification of japan, dies and power shifts to Edo (tokyo)

Tokugana Leyasu

shogun, him and successors create period of great peace, lasts until 19th c.

Tokugana Shogunate

centralize control of feudal system, divide into 250 Hans controlled by diayo, have own armies, largely independent

Diamyo under Tokugana

required to maintain homes in han and capital, family must stay in capital, kept under control of shogunate

Akhbar (mughals)

most capable mughal ruler, moves capital to dehli, established efficient gov and fair administration of laws, ppl have right to appeal to him directly

Zamindars

paid gov officials, taxation, construction, water supply

Mughals After Akhbar

begin to corrupt, zamindars hoard tax revenue, build personal armies

Peter the Great Administration

finally get warm water port on Baltic sea, capital from moscow to st petersburg, helps keep better watch on Boyars

St Petersburg

testament to peter, grid pattern, drains marshes, streets and gov buildings, shows power

Askia the Great (songhai)

promotes islam goes on hajj (legitamizes rule and unites), become largest kingdom in WAf

Mughal India Art

rulers make dehli pretty and build forts, craftspeople combine islamic and local art to make pretty buildings w geometric desings

Taj Mahal

built by Shah Jahan for dead wife, legitimizes power through art and religion, bridges cultural gaps.

Ottoman Art

istanbul expands to both sides of Bosphorus Strait, restore old buildings like Hagia Sophia (turn into mosque), build Topkaki Palace, Sulemaniye Mosque

Topkaki Palace

built by Mehmed (II) the conqueror, royal residence

Sulemaniye Mosque

built by Suleiman the (I) Magnificent, in Istanbul next to the Hagia Sophia

Russia Economics

peter establishes industries owned by state (shipyards,mines), encourages private industries (metallurgy, woodworking, gunpowder, leather, paper, mining)

Russia's want to be European

bring in WEU naval engineers to build european style ships, build winter palace in european style

Proto-industrialization in Russia

fails, raise taxes, Tax on Heads (1718), peasants more oppressed than ever

Ottoman and Mughal Taxation

need to finance big militaries, tax peasants, tax farming, agricultural areas burdened most, military & tax spending burden economy

Tax Farming

use private citizens to collect tax after auctioning off right to collect it, grew wealthy and corrupt

Ming Taxation

private citizens collect, wealthy families in area collect, tax wine salt goods, mostly tax land, low rates, tax in grains and later silver

Ming Tax transportation

stored locally then transferred along grand canal to military

Tribute States

Korea to China (submission/allegiance)
Conquered to Mexica (for submission)
Niger state to Songhai (respect?)

Protestant Reformation

shift away from feudalism, RCC corrupt, international influence, large bureaucracy, fails to reform

John Wycliffe England

Lollards, english christian reformers, priests unnecessary, translate bible to vernacular english, vilified by RCC

Jan Hus Bohemia

similar to Wycliffe, declared heretics, burned at stake