Honors Biology: EOC Review

organic molecules

molecules that contain carbon

carbohydrate

compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; type of nutrient that is the major source of energy for the body

Monosaccharide

What is the monomer of a carbohydrate?

disaccaride and polysaccaride

What is the polymer of a carbohydrate?

Disaccharide

A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.

monomer

small chemical unit that makes up a polymer

polymer

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.

Monosaccharides

What kind of molecule is glucose?

starch, cellulose, glycogen

What is an example of a polysaccharide?

carbohydrate

What macromolecule is a plant cell made of?

cellulose

What is a plant cell made of?

chitin

What if the fungi cell wall made of?

peptidoglycan

What is a bacteria cell wall made of?

short term energy

What is the function of a carbohydrate?

Carbohydrates

made of rings of C,H, and O; and OH's on all carbons except one

amino acid

What is the monomer of a protein?

protein

What is the polymer of a protein?

protein

What macromolecule are these; enzyme, insulin, hemoglobin?

enzymes, structure, growth and repair, transport

What is the function of a protein?

protein

contain N and have N-C-C backbone
long chains of amino acids joined by peptide bonds

Nucleotide

What is the monomer of a nucleic acid?

DNA and RNA

What is the polymer of a nucleic acid?

carries and transfers genetic information

What is the function of a nucleic acid?

to reduce the number of chromosomes in half so the resulting zygote formed from fertilization with have the correct number of chromosomes

What is the main purpose of meiosis?

amount of oxygen in the atmosphere

Which factor does not affect the rate of photosynthesis?

enzyme

The enzyme amylase breaks down starch. Which term best describes amylase?

nucleic acid

made up of sugars, phosphates, and nitrogen bases.

fatty acid

What is the monomer of a lipid?

Glycerol

What is an example of a fatty acid?

lipid

What is the polymer of a lipid?

steroids, hormones, insulation, and wax oils

What are examples of lipids?

lipids

head with fatty acid tail

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information.

adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine

What are the nitrogen bases of DNA?

Thymine

What nitrogen base goes with Adenine?

Guanine

What nitrogen base goes with Cytosine?

RNA

single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose

ribose

What kind of sugar does RNA contain?

Deoxyribose

What kind of sugar does DNA contain?

Adenine

What pairs with Uracil?

Messenger RNA

carries DNA code from nucleus to ribosome

Transfer RNA

carries amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosome

Ribosomal RNA

What the ribosome is made of

3

How many nitrogen bases codes for an amino acid?

Mutation

What is a error in a nitrogen base called?

protein synthesis

the formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA

transcription, translation

What are the steps on protein synthesis?

transcription

copying DNA code onto the mRNA

translation

making protein in the ribosome

transcription

What is this describing? DNA unwinds and unzips
mRNA nucleotides match up to the complementary DNA nucleotide
single strand of mRNA is made with the DNA code
mRNA leaves the nucleus and carries the code to the ribosome

translation

What is this describing? mRNA lines up in the ribosome
mRNA triplet codes match up with tRNA triplet codes and bring amino acids
amino acids are put in the correct sequence
peptide bonds forms between amino acids
polypeptide folds into protein

protein

What macromolecule is an enzyme?

lowers activation energy

What does a catalyst do?

substrates

Different enzymes work with specific _________, depending on their shape

damages it

What does denaturing an enzyme do?

temperature and pH

How are enzymes denatured?

-ase

What do most enzymes end in?

Adenine Triphosphate

What does ATP stand for?

Adenine Diphosphate

What does ADP stand for?

ATP

What does ADP turn into during respiration?

ADP

What was ATP before respiration?

cellular respiration

Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

aerobic respiration

Respiration that requires oxygen

aerobic respiration

What is the most efficient form of respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

What is the formula for cellular respiration?

C6H12O6

glucose

6O2

Oxygen

6CO2

carbon dioxide

6H2O

water

glucose and oxygen

What are the reactants of cellular respiration?

carbon dioxide and water

What are the ending molecules of cellular respiration?

glycolysis

What does all cellular respiration start with?

Anerobic

What kind of respiration is glycolysis?

anerobic respiration

Respiration that does not require oxygen

2 pyruvate

What does glucose get split into during glycolysis?

fermentation begins

What happens during respiration if there is no oxygen present?

lactic acid fermentation

the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates that produces lactic acid as the main end product

lactic acid is made

What happens during lactic acid fermentation?

animals

Where does lactic acid fermentation occur?

yeast and some prokaryotes

Where does alcoholic fermentation happen?

Alcohol and lactic acid

What is made during alcoholic fermentation?

Cytoplasm

Where does glycolysis occur?

matrix

Where does the Krebs Cycle occur?

Cristae

Where does the Electron Transport Chain occur?

38

How many ATP is gained during the entire process of cellular respiration?

2

How many ATP are produced during glycolysis?

4

How many carbon dioxides are released into the air after BOTH turns of the Krebs Cycle?

matrix

What is the fluid inside the mitochondria that contains the enzymes and coenzymes required for respiration?

2

How many ATP are gained during anaerobic respiration?

36

How many ATP are produced during aerobic respiration?

Krebs cycle

Where does most of the carbon dioxide evolved during respiration come from?

citric acid cycle

what is the krebs cycle also called?

6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

What is the formula for photosynthesis?

carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight

what are the reactants for photosynthesis?

avaliability of carbon dioxide and water, temperature, and pH, and light

What can affect the rate of photosynthesis?

Homeostasis

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

Homeostasis

What is your body trying to maintain at all times?

3

What is the minimum amount of trials in an experiment?

control group

the group that does not receive the experimental treatment.

manipulated variable

the thing that you change in the experiment