Social Psychology and Individual Differences Flashcards

Flashcards based on lecture notes covering social psychology, intergroup behavior, bias, discrimination, relationships, aggression, social influence, and personality.

Entitativity

Extent to which a group is seen as distinct.

Group cohesiveness

Solidarity, mutual support, uniformity of conduct; essence of groupness, based on social attraction.

Task involving climate

Climate in sports teams where effort and personal improvement are celebrated, and mistakes are viewed positively.

Ego involving climate

Climate in sports teams where the most skillful players are celebrated.

Norms

Shared beliefs, behaviors, beliefs. Violation of these leads to sanctions and ostracism.

Status

Consensual prestige, tendency to contribute ideas, influenced by assertiveness, specific status characteristics, and context.

Marginal Members (Black Sheep Effect)

Individuals disliked by the group, often more than outgroup members; vilification leads to higher group cohesion.

Personal identity to shared identity

Social identity ascends the personal self, involves self-categorization of ingroups and outgroups.

Prototype

Ideal group member.

Frustration Aggression Hypothesis

Frustration caused by blocked needs leads to aggression.

Realistic conflict

Mutually exclusive goals.

Commons dilemma(game theory)

A situation where individuals acting in their own self-interest end up ruining a shared resource.

Tajfel’s Minimal Group study

Maximizes intergroup difference.

Self

Personal identity + Social identities.

Salience

The identity that 'lights up' depends on situation & habits.

Depersonalisation

You act more like a group member than a unique individual.

Prototype

You match your behaviour to the ideal version of that group.

Status hierarchy

Groups have different social value, affecting members' self-esteem.

Permeable boundaries

You can leave. Leads to individual mobility.

Fixed boundaries

You stay which leads to group-based strategies.

Social creativity

Reframe or redefine comparisons.

Social competition

Challenge or try to change the system.

New Dimension

Focuses on something different.

Redefine Value

Changes what’s important.

New Outgroup

Compares to a different group.

Prejudice

Adverse opinion formed without sufficient knowledge.

Stereotype

Standardized mental picture held in common by members in group that represents an oversimplified opinion.

Primacy effect

We put more weight on the first info we receive about them, often appearance.

Halo effect

We assume physically attractive people are good (more skilled and morally superior).

Schema

Inter related cognitions that allow us to quickly make sense of a person, situation, or place based on limited info.

Scripts

How to behave.

Self-schemas

Actual self, ideal self, ought self.

Person schemas

Schematic impression of a specific person.

Role schemas

Impression of how someone should behave.

Looking glass threat

We develop our self-concept based on how we think others see us (Cooley).

Stereotype lift

People perform better when they are aware that another group is stereotyped negatively.

Snowball effect

Initial expectations of a person’s abilities can lead to self-fulfilling prophecy.

Eden (1990)

Feedback loops - expectations continually have impact on one’s performance.

Attributional Ambiguity

Difficulty in determining whether negative behavior toward someone is due to prejudice or other factors, leading to suspicion and mistrust.

Overt vs. Subtle Discrimination

Discrimination has moved from overt, easily identifiable forms to more subtle, implicit biases that are harder to address.

Hostile sexism

Overt.

Benevolent Sexism

Subtler but still harmful in maintaining gender inequality.

Reverse/Positive Discrimination and Tokenism

Efforts to redress discrimination, while well-intentioned, can sometimes result in tokenism or superficial diversity efforts.

Aversive Racism

Subtle racism characterized by discomfort, avoidance, and anxiety in interactions, often unintentional but still damaging.

Online Discrimination

Despite growing awareness of subtle forms of bias, online platforms often allow for overt discrimination to persist due to anonymity.

Neophiliac and neophobic

Inherent fear of the unfamiliar.

Mere exposure effect

People tend to develop a preference for things simply because they are exposed to them repeatedly.

Authoritarian Personality

Harsh parenting= excessive respect for authority, obsession w/status, displaces anger onto weaker individuals, difficulties w intimacy.

Right-wing authoritarianism

Attitudes not personality.

RWA scale

Conventionalism, authoritarian aggression, authoritarianism submission.

Social dominance orientation

The degree to which individuals prefer and support group-based hierarchies in society - maintained by myths.

System Justification Theory

People are motivated to justify the status quo because doing so helps to reduce uncertainty and anxiety about the world.

Internalised Racism

Acceptance and incorporation of racist beliefs or stereotypes by individuals from marginalized racial or ethnic groups.

Simone de Beauvoir- The Second Sex

Femininity is a social construct created by men.

Structural misogyny

Marginalisation of females becomes normal and common sense.

Moss-Racusin et al. (2012)

Female applicants were rated as less competent than male applicants, and were less likely to be hired and offered lower starting salary and less mentoring, in academic science.

Orientalism- Edward Said

Semi mythical construct, opposite to the West.

Infra-humanisation

A legacy of lessening the humanity of black people.

Hoffman, Trawalter, Oliver (2016)

Black targets rated as feeling less pain than white targets by medical students and participants based on endorsing false biological myths.

Need for Affiliation

Need for positive and interpersonal relationships.

Berscheid and Reis (1998)

Variables associated with loneliness: dispositional factors, social circumstances, social cognitive tendencies.

Proximity

Allows for familiarity, availability, expectation of continued interaction.

Co-presence

Friendship in elderly in Beijing Parks.

Assortative mating

The idea that people tend to pair up with others who are similar to them in background etc.

Reciprocity

We like people who like us, dislike those that do not like us.

Situation- gain-loss hypothesis (Aronson and Linder, 1965)

We like those who dislike us and then grow to like us as it feels like we have earnt their affection- we dislike most those who like us and then become distant/cold.

Premature disclosure

Sharing too much, too soon.

Dishonest disclosure

What is shared is false/exaggerated, damaging trust.

Factual disclosure

Sharing surface level facts, doesn’t build emotional closeness.

Laurenceau, Barrett, and Rovine (2005)

Self disclosure predicts partner responsiveness, which then predicts feelings of closeness.

‘beauty is good’ effect

Attractive people are rated more positively and influences formation of romantic relationships.

Yamaguchi (2015)

Pro relationship acts such as costly commitment signals are more effective than non-costly signals.

Self-expansion model

Desire to enrich identities.

FATAL ATTRACTION PHENOMENON

Qualities that are initially attractive are the same qualities that cause the relationship to end.

Memory Bias

Memories of past feelings are distorted by current feelings, memory bias helps forget threatening info to protect our current feelings .

Long Distance Relationships

Typically higher levels of dedication, relationship quality, trust, and commitment. Engage in more adaptive self-disclosure which may promote intimacy.

Intrapersonal level

Silent forgiveness.

Interpersonal level

Express and demonstrate those feelings.

Yang and Ma (2020)

Married people experienced a greater decline in emotional well being than unmarried people during COVID-19.

Prasso (2020)

Increase in divorce filings after COVID-19.

Reasons for COVID findings

Stressors e.g., fear of infection, redundancy, home schooling led to anxiety, depression. Compromised coping strategies= limited access to support such as visiting friends, gym, counselling.

Coop Gordon and Mitchell (2020)

COVID 19 impacts risks of affairs and affair recovery.

Stanley and Markman (2020)

3 strategies that relationship therapists can use: make it safe to connect, do your part, decide, don’t slide.

Robak and Weitzman, 1998

Relationship dissolution is a common experience.

Causes of dissolution

Issues leading to breakup= partner’s failure to meet expectations/desire for freedom, Unreciprocated love. External challenges= conflicting work patterns, family and friends’ involvement, time of year.

The Breakup Strategies Questionnaire (Collins and Gillath, 2012)

Avoidance/withdrawal; positive tone/self-blame; open confrontation; cost escalation; manipulation; distant/mediated communication; de-escalation.

Duck’s Relationship dissolution model (1998)

Intrapsychic phase; dyadic phase; social phase; grave-dressing phase.

Consequences of dissolution

Those who initiate the breakup experience less distress, but both experience distress; breakup has both physical and mental health consequences; distress post breakup associated with commitment, satisfaction, having few alternatives.

Aggression

Most common: intent to harm another person who is motivated to avoid that harm.

Violence

An extreme form of aggression that is intended to cause severe harm.

Type A personality

Coronary-prone; overactive, achievement-orientated; competitive. Slightly more aggressive than type B.

Type B personality

Relaxed; easygoing; quiet.

Alcohol myopia

Narrows attention to provocative cues in our environment (Giancola et al. 2010).

Disinhibition

A reduction in social cues that stop us behaving antisocially.

Online disinhibition effect

People do things online they wouldn’t in real life.

Dissociative anonymity

Anonymity makes ppl behave differently.

Invisibility

No eye contact and face to face visibility.

Asynchronicity

No immediate response.

Solipsistic introjection

Anything can be shared because you feel you know them.

Dissociative imagination

Seeing online as where norms and values don’t apply.