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What are the three ways imperialism was practiced?
Trade, exploitation of resources, and strategic considerations
Describe China’s status pre Opium wars.
China was politically and economically independent and free from foreign influence. They maintained this via strict trade rules
What was the Canton system?
Westerners could only trade with the 13 Cohong merchants and at the Canton port
What were the benefits for the Canton system for China?
Since China didn’t need anything, they got silver and gold bullion (the British hated this)
What happened in 1793?
Lord George McCartney tried to intervene with the Chinese’s independence, but failed to make any headway.
What happened in 1816?
William Amhurst failed his mission to China
What happened in 1834?
Lord Napler failed to negotiate to China
When did Opium start prevailing in China?
1830s
By ____, China was importing 40 thousand tonnes of opium annually, or _ tonnes.
1838, 1,400
When did the Say No to Opium campaign start?
1799
What emperor banned Opium in China?
Dao Guang under the Qing dynasty.
Who was the commissioner for the Chinese? When was he appointed?
Lin Zexu, March 1839
What did Lin Zexu do?
Immediately halt drug imports into China as his first action
When the British refused, he blocked trade with the British (imposed a trade embargo)
When was all opium turned over to the Chinese?
March 27th, 1839, on Charles Elliot’s (British Superintendent of Trade) command
When was the first opium war?
1839-1841
When was Lin Zexu’s letter written to Queen Victoria?
1839
What was Lin Zexu writing about?
He was critical of how Britain had banned opium trade in her own territory (Ireland, Scotland, England) yet profited off it in China.
When did the British Indian army arrive?
June 1840
How many pounds of private property did Lin Zexu destroy?
~3 million pounds of opium
When did the Qing authorities sue for peace?
1842
When was the Treaty of Nanking/Nanjing formed?
August 1843
What did the Treaty of Nanking entail?
Hong Kong was given to Britain
British people working in China were immune to Chinese law → diplomatic status + immnity
Britain and other powers could operate ports (including Shanghai) with little-no revenue going to the Chinese government.
Spheres of influence
When did France and the United States sign unfair treaties with the Chinese?
1844
When did Norway and Sweden sign unfair treaties with the Chinese?
1847
When was the Second Opium War?
1856-1860
How did the Second Opium War break out?
The British registered Chinese owned Arrow Ship was accused of piracy and smuggling and were arrested → British claimed that ship was flying their flag and had protections
French missionary was murdered
In 1859, China refused for the building of a British Embassy in Beijing (which was outlined in Treaty of Tientsin). The British set fire to the Old Summer Palace and the Summer Palace in response.
Where did the British first attack in the Second Opium War?
Guangzhou
What were Britain’s aids in the Second Opium War?
France, Russia, and the US.
The Treaty of Tientsin was created in , _ and ratified in _
July 1858, 1860
When did John Hay write his letter about the Open Door Policy?
6th of September, 1899
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