The Making of America OCR B History GCSE

Why did white Americans want to move westward?

People without land could not vote, Destiny to move west, Jefferson believed land ownership and farming would create a virtuous population, Expansion promised freedom and independence.

When was the Louisiana Purchase? How much land did France offer? For what price?

1803, 530 million acres for $15 million

How many new states formed from the Louisiana Purchase? Give 3 Examples.

15, Louisiana, Missouri, Arkansas

Why was there direct conflict with the Native Americans?

Frontiersmen (set up farms in the southwest territory), from 1791 Washington put 80% of his budget into a huge campaign against the North-western Confederacy (of indigenous people)

When was the North-western Confederacy defeated?

Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794

What treaty allowed the Americans to take control of the North-western territory?

Treaty of Greenville

When was the cotton gin invented? Who by?

1793, Eli Whitney (separated cotton 50X faster)

Why was there a growing demand for cotton?

Quicker factories so higher demand, south reliant on cotton

How were slaves treated?

Seen as property, had poor living conditions, long hours, were whipped, sexual abuse common

What system was used by plantation owners to speed up cotton production?

Pushing System

Differences between North and South 1789-1838

Economy: business vs cotton. All men free vs black to serve white people. Northerners unhappy about slavery.

When was the Missouri Compromise?

1820

Name the 5 Civilised tribes

Creek, Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Seminole

When did Andrew Jackson pass the Indian Removal Act? What did it do?

1830, it offered tribes money if they agreed to relocate west

What was the Trail of Tears? How many died?

The Cherokee refused to move west, but the army forced them in 1838. 4000 died out of 15,000.

How did the Seminole rebel against the Indian Removal Act?

They fought a guerrilla war against the US 1835-42

What were the Lakota Sioux's beliefs?

Wakan Tanka (the Great Spirit), all things had a spirit so no one could own land, circles

What was the Lakota Sioux's lifestyle?

Nomadic lifestyle to follow Buffalo herds, lived in tipis in families

What was the Lakota Sioux's structure?

Made up of a number of tribes, each with many bands (10-50 families). There was no single leader of all the tribes.

What was the Lakota Sioux's warfare like?

Warfare was the heart of Lakota life, men were expected to join warrior societies, Lakota warriors brought honour to society via bravery, they fought to control hunting grounds. By 1839, the Lakota were the dominant tribe on the plains.

How did the Lakota Sioux hunt buffalo?

On foot in 1700s, guns and horses in 1830s made large scale hunting a lot easier.

Why did early migrants want to move west?

(MEALS) Manifest destiny, Economic crisis (1837), Agricultural advertisement, Law/Land (1841 Pre-emption Act), Safe journey (mapped 200 mile route)

When was the Pre-emption Act? How did it encourage early migrants west?

1841, protected land from speculators, making it easier for farmers to buy

How long did it take to complete the 200 mile journey West?

5 months

Difficulties with transport and terrain for early migrants going west

Wagons could cause accidents, 10% would die on the journey, mountains, rivers and mud to cross. Henry Sager's wagon overturned.

Difficulties with health for early migrants

Food and water shortages, typhoid and cholera. At Fort Laramie, Henry Sager died from disease.

Why was there

conflict between the tribes in 1851?

The Lakota Sioux allowed the US to establish forts in return for more hunting grounds

What tribe was located in Oregon? What percentage of their land did they lose? How many chiefs were killed?

Yakima, lost 90% of land and 24 chiefs were killed by the army (because they raided the white settlers who settled on their land)

Who founded the Mormons? What were their beliefs?

Joseph Smith, rebuild Jesus' Church in America, shared ownership of land, polygamy

Who became the new leader of the Mormons? Where did he decide to build God's kingdom?

Brigham Young, Great Salt Lake in Utah

When did the Mormons found Salt Lake City? How many came here?

1847, over 10,000 people came here by 1852

How did the Mormons settle Salt Lake?

They dug irrigation ditches to allow farming on dry land, land was distributed by the church, Mormon temple built

Why was Utah forced to follow the same laws as the USA?

In 1857, some Mormons and Paiute massacred 120 migrants

When was gold discovered in California?

1848

How many Americans went to California in 1849 alone?

Over 50,000 (however many headed home after)

What were the challenges of the Californian gold rush for miners?

Cholera on the journey, only a lucky few found gold, poor living conditions, drinking and gambling, mostly male miners so unstructured society, racial conflict with foreign miners and Native Americans

How was gold extracted differently by 1852?

Big companies employed hundreds of men to dig quartz crystal

What were the consequences of the gold rush on California?

Brought wealth and development, population grew from 14,000 to 225,000 between 1848-1852. California applied to be a state in 1849. San Francisco grew to be a busy port. Led demands for the transcontinental railroad to be built. Hydraulic mining destroyed the landscape.

When was gold discovered in Pike's Peak?

1858

How many people had moved to Kansas by 1859 due to Pike's Peak?

Over 100,000

What were the consequences of Pike's Peak gold rush on Kansas?

Town boosters encouraged people to settle, farming developed in the east, the growth meant Kansas became a state in 1861

How was there a North/South divide before the Civil War?

Economy (cotton and slavery vs more diverse and wealthy), Industrial vs cotton cultivation, North worried about slavery spreading, north had bigger population so more political power.

How had northern abolitionists grown in strength by 1850? Give two examples

Underground railroad (Fredrick Douglas and Harriet Tubman helped slaves escape), Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher-Stowe (sold 2 million copies in 10 years, explained the horrors of slavery)

What did Henry Clay's 1850 Compromise say?

Enslaved people had to be returned to their slaveholders, if California was allowed to become a free state.

When was the Kansas-Nebraska Act? What did it do?

1854, it ended the Missouri Compromise because it allowed states to decide on being free or slave states. This created tension.

When was Lincoln elected? Where was he popular?

November 1860, he was highly popular in the North, but unpopular in the South.

How many more states left the Union in February 1861, after South Carolina had? What did these states form?

6, The Confederacy

When did Lincoln make the Confederacy illegal?

4 March 1861

What did Jefferson Davis (president of the Confederacy) do after Lincoln made the Confederacy illegal? When?

He ordered his gunboats to attack Fort Sumter on 12 April 1861

When did Lincoln declare war?

15 April 1861

What were the differences between African American experiences of the War in the North and South?

In the North they were paid less, in poor areas and had segregated black schools. In the South they were slaves, had terrible conditions of Plantations, it was illegal to read or write.

When did Lincoln pass the Emancipation Proclamation? What did it do?

1 January 1863, it freed all enslaved people in Confederate states.

How did the Emancipation Proclamation change the lives of enslaved people?

Some were taught how to read and write and took on jobs. But others continues to work on plantations, black soldiers were often given the worst jobs.

African Americans serving in the Union Army. How many African American soldiers had joined the Union army by the war's end?

Many tried to enlist at the outbreak of the war but were rejected, they were eventually accepted in 1863, but did not get paid as much. 180,000 African American soldiers had joined the Union army by the war's end.

Why was there a race riot in New York 1863?

Black Americans could get work more easily when white soldiers were away, however, this caused a riot where African Americans were killed.

African Americans helping the Confederates

Many slaves were forced to support the Confederates, some volunteered but this was rare. Confederates were unwilling to arm slaves, but were accepted as troops in 1865.

How was Lincoln's Reconstruction positive?

He made the Emancipation Proclamation the 13th Amendment in January 1865; Freedman's Bureau in March 1865

Andrew Johnson's Reconstruction U-turn

Johnson wanted to bring the country back together again: he allowed Confederate states to reapply to the Union, he gave back Confederate land, he did not stop the KKK, he allowed southern states to create Black Codes, he stopped the Freedman's Bureau.

Radical Reconstruction 1866-70

Freedman's Bureau re-established, Civil Rights Bill (protected rights of black Americans), 14th Amendment (anyone born in the USA should be a citizen), 15th Amendment (gave all black Americans the right to vote)

How were the radical changes reversed 1870-77?

Freedman's Bureau shut down in 1872, Black Americans as 'sharecroppers'

When did Lincoln approve the Pacific Railroad Act? What did it do?

1862, promised money and land to railroad companies.

When was the Transcontinental Railroad completed?

1869 (by Union Pacific from East and Central Pacific from West)

What were the consequences of the Transcontinental railroad?

Quicker journey West (days instead of months), rail cut through Native American lands and distrupted buffalo hunting grounds, workers got low pay, violent towns created

Who sold cattle on the 'long drive' in 1866? How much did they get for how many cattle?

Charles Goodnight and Oliver Loving made $24,000 by selling 2000 cattle. They hired 18 cowboys.

What were cow towns? Give one example

Unruly towns by railway lines where cattle were brought to be sold. Abilene, Kansas (set up Joseph McCoy in 1867).

What were cattle ranches? Give an example of a rancher

Farms located on the Plains, so cattle didn't have to be driven from Texas. John Iliff bought cattle from Goodnight and became a rancher. Ranches needed a lot of grass and water, so overgrazing was a problem.

Why did Homesteaders move to the Plains?

(LAF) Law: Homestead Act 1862 (offered 160 acres if farmed for 5 years), Advertisement: Railroad companies advertised it as 'Rich Farming Land', Freedom: Ex-slaves could escape from the South.

How many people claimed land from the Homestead Act between 1862 and 1900?

600,000

What were the difficulties for Homesteaders living on the Plains?

Far from big towns, few trees, lack of clean water (cholera and typhoid), winds destroyed crops, extreme heat, soil tough to plough, buffalo could ruin crops.

How did homesteaders resolve the problems of the Plains?

Built houses from sod, used wind pumps to draw up clean water, dry farming and Turkey Red wheat required less water, barbed wire fencing, collaboration, steel plough, burning buffalo chips.

Why was there so much bloodshed on the Plains 1861-77?

(CERG:) Colonialism, Ecological tensions, Racist views, Guns

What was caused Little Crow's War 1862?

Little Crow (Dakota Chief) signed a reservation agreement in return for supplies, but when the Dakota were starving, Andrew Myrick told them to 'eat grass and dung'.

What were the actions of Little Crow's War 1862?

Dakota killed 500 white settlers in Minnesota. Minnesotan soldiers attacked and arrested all Dakota in the area.

What were the consequences of Little Crow's War 1862?

38 Dakota publicly hanged, hundreds imprisoned, 300 sentenced to death.

What caused the Sand Creek Massacre 1864?

Relocation of the Cheyenne and Arapaho (due to gold rush) to a small reservation that was insufficient for food. The Government refused to give more supplies.

What were the actions of the Sand Creek Massacre 1864?

After a peace agreement, a Cheyenne warrior killed a white settler in 1864. Rev. Chivington led the 'bloodless third' to massacre 105 Cheyenne women and children and 28 men.

What were the consequences of the Sand Creek Massacre 1864?

Chivington forced to resign after victory parade. Black Kettle moved his Cheyenne to safer land.

What caused Red Cloud's War 1866-68?

Bozeman Trail broke 1851 Fort Laramie Treaty. Red Cloud refused to sign the 1866 Fort Laramie Treaty (protected white colonists). US army forts outraged the Lakota.

What were the actions of Red Cloud's War 1866-68?

1866, Red Cloud and Crazy Horse led attacks on US Forts, killing Captain Fetterman and 80 men at Fort Kearny. His success continued 1867-68.

What were the consequences of Red Cloud's War 1866-68?

The 1868 Fort Laramie Treaty granted vast lands to the Lakota Sioux, which was a humiliation for the US.

When did the US make a treaty to buy the sacred Black Hills of the Lakota Sioux? How much did they offer? Who signed/refused?

1874, $6 million, Red Cloud signed, Sitting Bull did not

What started the The Great Sioux War in 1876?

All Sioux were ordered to return to reservation forts, but Sitting Bull did not.

What happened on 17 June 1876 in the Great Sioux War?

Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse forced the army to withdraw from Rosebud river.

What happened on 15 June 1876 in the Great Sioux War?

General Custer charged 210 men into the Sioux camp of 6000 by the Little Bighorn River. All of his men were killed.

What happened to Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull after The Great Sioux War?

Crazy Horse was arrested and killed in 1877, Sitting Bull and a small band escaped to Canada.

What happened to the remains of the Sioux after The Great Sioux War?

They surrendered and the US took the Black Hills and over 40 million acres of land.

What happened to the Plains Indians after the Battle of Little Bighorn?

The army’s winter campaign forced the Sioux to surrender. Many nations were forced onto reservations. Arrival of white settlers on the Plains, pushed them to starvation.

How many buffalo were there on the Plains before they became almost extinct in 1865?

13 million

What were Reservations like for the Indigenous nations 1877-1900?

Nations were split up, supplies were very low, run by Indian Agents who undermined the tribal structure. Government encouraged assimilation: living in houses not tipis, converting to Christianity and made to choose English names. Children sent to Christian boarding schools where they were indoctrinated.

When were the Friends of the Indians set up? What did they do?

1883, they campaigned for indigenous rights (reported corrupt agents, set up schools)

When was the Dawes Act passed? What did it give?

1887, it gave Native American families 160 acres and citizenship if they gave up their claim to their tribal lands. This meant that the Native Americans lost millions of acres of lands.

What religious movement sprang up during the 1890s? Who led it?

Ghost Dance movement, (led by) Wovoka (they believed if they danced and prayed the white settlers would be swept off the land and the buffalo would return)

Where did the government track down the Ghost dancers? How many did they kill?

Wounded Knee, over 250 people

What were the economic changes to the lives of Black Americans in the South and the North 1877-1900?

South: sharecroppers. North: less likely to get jobs than white people. Exodusters moved West to start their own communities.

Who set up the National Negro Business League? When?

Booker T. Washington in 1900

When and where were the Jim Crow Laws introduced? What were they?

1890s in many Southern states, they were racial segregation laws.

What were Redeemer Governments?

Dominated by ex-slave holders in the South, who wanted to undo the abolition of slavery.

What were other political changes to the lives of black Americans 1877-1900?

The KKK re-formed in 1890s. However, the 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments promised equality.

How many black Americans were lynched in 1892 alone?

161

Which businessmen owned a $1 billion steel corporation? What did he do with his money?

Andrew Carnegie, he gave 90% to charities