I&S Grade 8 Unit 2 Crit A

Ikh Zasag

The Mongolian's "Great Governance". A set of laws that helped rulers govern their empire. Notably, the punishment when breaking these set of laws were extremely severe.

Justinian Code of Law

The ___ is what made sure people of the Byzantine empire followed the same laws. One of the ___'s laws state that "Proof lies on him who asserts, not him who denies". The Universal Declaration of Human Rights saw this law and it inspired them to add a law that basically stated "Innocent till proven guilty", which is now used by the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

Paul Ratchnevsky's Quote about Mongols.

"No one except the owner
would dare pick up even a whip lying
on the ground.... Although there were
many pack animals in the Kipchak area
(under Mongol rule), these could be left
unattended because of the severity of
(Mongol) laws against theft."

Consequences of Empires

Expansion of Trade networks, sharing of religion and ideas, conformity of religion, fear of conquest, slavery.

John of Plano Carpini's quote of Mongols

"They show considerable
respect to each other and are friendly
together, and they willingly share their
food with each other, although there is
little of it."

Painting of Mongol warriors invading Baghdad

The ___ is an illustration of Mongolian warriors attacking Baghdad with weapons adapted from Europe and the Middle East.

Paiza/The Golden Passport

This ___ was created by the Mongolian government and provides tax breaks and protection when trading in the Silk Road. This ___ encouraged trading in the Silk Road.

The Middle Eastern Medicine Jar from 1300

The ________ represents the ___ advancements of Western people. This was especially significant due to the fact that people in that era believed that sickness was a punishment from God.

Bezant

A gold coin with Basil II engraved on it. The _____ were a global ______, once ______ from India to the Mediterranean sea.

The Great Mosque of Djenne

Muslim scholars and clerics helped advise local rulers, which further spread Muslim's influence. Nowadays, 95% of Mali's population is Muslim.

The Bayt al-Hikma

It was considered the "House of Wisdom" in Baghdad, and served as a private library for the Caliphate (ruler). It was also considered one of the largest collections of books at the time, and was a centre of learning for a variety of subjects like Math, Science, Medicine, Geography, and Cartography. Many discoveries made there spread to even Europe.

The Abbasid Caliphate

The _____ contained Baghdad, which was their capital. The _____ was one of the most prosperous empires of the time, and its city was described as superior and perfect in defense.

Letter from Archbishop of Rouen to Eleanor of Aquitaine in 1173

This ____ described how women were united with their husband through marriage, and that violating marriage also violates the condition of nature, the mandate of the Apostle and the law of the scripture (Bible). To summarize, the letter states how the women is created from the man, and that she is under his leadership/headship.

Ways that Eleanor of Aquitaine defied gender roles for the time

She led a crusade.
She encouraged other women to join the crusade as well.
She revolted with her sons against King Henry II.

The quote from Susan Abernethy in 2016 and the quote from the nuns of Fontevraud in her obituary in 1204

"Another legend about Eleanor focuses on her
purported beauty. There are no written descriptions of
Eleanor so we have no idea of her height, hair or eye colour
or skin tone. There are also no surviving visual depictions
of Eleanor ... Most chronicles describe medieval queens as
beautiful so this is not out of the ordinary."

The quote from the nuns of Fontevraud in her obituary in 1204

"She was beautiful and just,
imposing and modest, humble and
elegant. [A queen] who surpassed almost
all the queens of the world."

Genghis Khan's legacy

One of the most brutal and bloodthirsty leaders.
Opened up the silk roads.
Created the Pax Mongolia/Mongol Peace.
Flourished trade, art and culture.
United the clan-based Mongols.
Promoted soldiers and leaders based on their skill/accomplishments.
Encouraged communication.
The Mongolian empire was huge.
He introduced the Mongolian writing system.
Created the Golden Passport/Paiza.
He created "Yams" (message depots across his empire's extensive trading routes.

Salah al-Din's legacy

Inspired respect and affection.
The first sultan of Egypt and Syria.
He led the recapture for Jerusalem and negotiated for peace in the 3rd crusade.
He was merciful and generous, loved by muslims and non-believers.

The quote from Geoffrey Hindley in 1976 about Salah al-Din

"The ability to inspire rather
than enforce loyalty is a critical quality
of leadership."

Abd al-Latif's quote about Salah al-Din in 1192

"I found a great king who
inspired both respect and affection, far
and near, easy-going and willing to grant
requests. His companions took him as a
model ... [when he died] men grieved for
him as they grieve for prophets. I have
seen no other ruler for whose death
the people mourned, for he was loved
by the good and the bad, Muslim and
unbeliever alike."

The painting of Salah al-Din by Said Tahsin

This ______ depicts ____________ acknowledging a surrender by Guy of Lusignan, the defeated king of Jerusalem. He is seen accepting ransom for the defeated crusaders, an act of mercy that garnered lots of attention.

Causes of Crusades & outcome of the First Crusade

Christians were promised for their sins to be forgiven and to be accepted into heaven if they joined the Crusades. They were also told that Jerusalem is a holy site that must be reclaimed. Poor crusaders could also become rich if they participated in the crusades from pillaging goods.

Muslims also believed Jerusalem to be their holy site as well, and that both religions saw Jerusalem as theirs.

The outcome of the First Crusade was successful for the Christians, as they regained control of Jerusalem. This happened in 1096. Muslims were shocked and they criticized their sluggish sultans.

Professor Henry Louis Gates's quote

"Remember,
these people embraced
the same god, many of
the same beliefs, and the
same prophets, yet the
streets ran with blood.
It shows the incredible
power of ideas to take
hold of people's minds
and drive them to
commit acts of great
sacrifice of love on the
one hand, but also acts
of tremendous barbarity
and hatred. It's the
double-edged sword of
religious belief."

The painting of feudalism and The painting of the Golden Age

This painting of ____ (____) showed how majority of the population was poor and uneducated, with 3 serfs serving an individual with higher authority. But at the same time, the ____ (____) depicted a ____ for advancements in math, science and medicine.

Ali ibn Tahir al-Sulami's quote (what the The Book of Jihad revealed)

[The crusaders] looked out ... on separated
kingdoms, disunited hearts and differing views laced
with hidden resentment, and with that their desires
became stronger and extended to whatever their
outstretched arms could desire....
The most astonishment [biggest surprise] is at
a sultan [ruler] who takes pleasure in life or
continues living as he is with the shadows of this
calamity (disaster), of which the outcome is conquest
[by] these blasphemers (people who disrespect God)
and exile from the country ... or staying with them
and being imprisoned and tortured by night and
day. By God! By God, you community of sultans of
the country, and those prominent persons, soldiers
and others who are considered prominent, young
men, stalwart supporters and [wealthy] lords ... who
follow them, drive away insignificant things and
sluggishness, and go to fight the jihad with your
wealth and yourselves.

What the Annales Herbipolenses written in Germany in 1147 reveal

"The intentions of the various men [Christian
crusaders] were different. Some, indeed, lusted after
novelties and went in order to learn about new lands.
Others there were who were driven by poverty, who were
in hard straits at home; these men went to fight, not only
against the enemies of Christ's cross, but even against
the friends of the Christian name, wherever opportunity
appeared, in order to relieve their poverty."

This quote reveals how crusaders were driven by many different reasons, some for lust for new land, but most to escape poverty.

What Ali 'Izz al-Din ibn al-Athir's historical account from 1160-1233 reveal

"[In Jerusalem]
the Franks [crusaders]
killed more than 70 000
... The booty [treasure]
they took was beyond
counting."

This quote reveals how crusaders pillaged goods and killed those in Jerusalem.

The painting of Christ leading the Crusaders

This ______ depicts how _____ were based off of ______, and that ______ truly believed that ___ was on their side, leading them. This ensured that ______ were on "the right path" and that they must fight for ___.

Pope Urban II's quote

"This royal city [Jerusalem],
therefore, situated at the centre of the
world, is now held captive by His enemies
... God has conferred upon you above all
nations great glory in arms. Accordingly
undertake this journey for the remission
[forgiveness] of your sins, with the
assurance of the imperishable [unending]
glory of the kingdom of heaven."

Salah al-Din's quote from 1191 on Jerusalem

"Jerusalem belongs to us just
as much as to you, and is more precious
in our eyes than in yours. It was the place
of our Prophet's journey, and the place
where the angels gathered. Therefore,
do not imagine that we shall give the
city up to you, or that you will convince
us in the matter. As regards the land, it
belonged originally to us, and you came
to attack us."