Neuroanatomy with images

inferior

under

superior

over

anterior

front

posterior

back

lateral

side

medial

middle

dorsal

north of brain stem

ventral

south of brain stem

rostral

toward the beak

caudal

toward the tail

sagittal

perpendicular to bread cut

coronal

bread cut

mid-sagittal

through the middle

somatic nervous system

facilitates motor and sensory communication between the CNS and rest of body by innervating the skin joints and muscles

spinal nerves

communication between the CNS and the periphery of the body via dorsal sensory input and ventral motor output

autonomic nervous system

regulates internal organs

sympathetic nervous system

prepares body for action in response to threats via increase in heart rate, respiration, and blood flow to muscles. Flight or flight

parasympathetic nervous system

energy conservation and restoration of body, rest and digest

olfactory nerve I

olfaction

olfactory bulb

olfaction

optic nerve II

vision

optic chiasm

vision

optic chiasm

optic tract

vision

oculomotor nerve III

involved in eye and eyelid movement and pupil size

trochlear IV

eye movement (up and out movement)

trigeminal V

transmission of oral pain/ control of chewing and biting

vestibulocochlear VIII

audition and vestibular balance functions

vagus X

sensation of visceral pain and the parasympathetic control of the heart, lungs, and digestive tract

dura mater

outter most layer

arachnoid layer

middle layer, csf flows between this layer and pia layers

pia mater

inner most layer, follows sulci and gyri

where does cerebrospinal fluid (csf) flow?

Subarachnoid space

lateral ventricle

side ventricle

third ventricle (III)

central

cerebral aqueduct

below third

fourth ventricle

between the cerebellum and pons

vertebral-basilar system

supplies blood to brainstem

internal carotid artery

supplies blood to the cortex and deep nuclei

anterior cerebral artery

supplies blood to the medial surface of the cerebral hemispheres

middle cerebral artery

supplies blood to the lateral cerebral hemispheres (mostly frontal, temporal, and parietal)

posterior cerebral artery

supplies blood to the midbrain and the inferior portion of the posterior cerebral hemispheres (occipital and temporal lobes)

circle of willis

anastomosis of the anterior and posterior arterial systems

venous system

sends blood to be re-oxygenated by the lungs

glymphatic system

removes waste from the brain

major divisions of the brain

hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

Forebrain

Midbrain

Hindbrain

myelencephalon (mesencephalon also)

in hindbrain

medulla

control of vital functions such as respiration, heart regulation, and general muscle tone (in myencephalon)

medulla

metencephalon

in hindbrain

pons

transmits information between cerebellum and rest of brain (in metencephalon)

cerebellum

regulates timing and coordination of complex muscle activity such as limb and eye movements, maintenance of muscle tone, and postural balance. Also involved in classical conditioning of some motor responses (eg conditioned eye blink response) (in metencephalon)

mesencephalon

midbrain

tectum

roof of midbrain cerebral aqueduct, contain superior and inferior colliculi (in mesencephalon)

superior colliculus

controls orientation of head and eyes toward visual stimuli (in tectum)

inferior colliculus

relays auditory information from the brainstem to the thalamus (in tectum)

tegmentum

contains cell bodies for dopaminergic projections to the basal ganglia and the frontal lobe (in mesencephalon)

cerebral peduncles

in mesencephalon

diencephalon

part of forebrain

thalamus

responsible for relaying information between the cerebral cortex and the rest of the brain (in diencephalon)

pons

hypothalamus

maintaining homeostasis through regulation of the four Fs: feeding, fighting, fleeing, and fornication (in diencephalon)

mammilary bodies

receives input from hippocampus and amygdala, implicated in memory (in diencephalon)

infundibulum

pituitary gland

contains posterior and anterior portions (in diencephalon)

posterior pituitary

(area of pituitary) receives direct neural connections from the hypothalamus, it control the release of the antidiuretic hormone vasopressin, and oxytocin

anterior pituitary

(area of pituitary) connected to the hypothalamus which releases hormones into the system and stimulates the release of other hormones such as growth, acth, and gonadotropic hormone

pineal gland

secretes one hormone, melatonin which is involved in sleep

telencephalon

in forebrain

gyri

pre-central and post-central gyrus

central sulcus

pre-central gyrus

post-central gyrus

superior temporal gyrus

lateral fissure

longitudinal fissure

sulci

central sulcus, lateral fissure (sylvian), longitudinal fissure

frontal lobe

lobe that controls movement, executive functions, eg planning, organization, goal directed behavior, cognitive control and self referential thought

temporal lobe

lobe that controls audition and visual object and face recognition

parietal lobe

lobe that controls somatosensory functions, eg touch, pain, temp, and proprioception, and multi-sensory functions such as spatial processing

occipital lobe

lobe responsible for vision

primary visual cortex

gustatory cortex

primary auditory cortex

temporal association cortex

primary somatosensory cortex

posterior parietal associational cortex

primary motor cortex

premotor cortex

prefrontal cortices

Area 10

frontal pole

area 4

primary motor cortex

area 6

premotor cortex

area 8

frontal eye field

area 46

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

area 44

Brocha’s area

areas 1,2, and 3

primary somatosensory area