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Patriarchy
Domination by males
Agricultural Revolution
About 10,000 yrs ago (8000 BC) the climate was warming from an Ice age. Humans began to plant crops and raise animals for food.
Animism
The belief that elements of the physical world could have supernatural powers. The Huaca could be very large, like a river. Very small, like a stone. Or a built object, like a bridge.
Hinduism
Polytheistic or monotheistic (based on individual views), 3,500 years ago the Vedas taught that the soul of a person is reborn, or reincarnated. People were organized into castes. While the caste system kept society stratified, society was also unified.
Zoroastrianism
Example of an early form of monotheism. Developed in Persia. Followers focus on human free will and the eternal battle between the fences of good and evil.
Judaism
Monotheistic, Hebrews, Israelites, and Jews. Jews believe that they have entered into a covenant, or a mutual promise, with their God, Yahweh. In return for their devotion Yahweh would consider them his chosen people. Their teachings trace back to Abraham, who lived about 4,000 yrs ago.
Silk Roads
Land routed in Eurasia where goods and ideas were exchanged.
Buddhism
Siddhartha Gautama (530 BC) was called Buddha for 'enlightened one'. The 4 Noble Truths sought to eliminate desire and suffering by following the Eightfold path. Requires an individual to meditate, reflect, and refrain from excessive earthly pleasures. The goal is Nirvana, ending the cycle of reincarnation. They rejected the caste system and became popular with members of the lower castes. Universalizing Religion.
Mauryan Empire
First period of unity (322 BCE- 187 BCE, 135 yrs) peak of its power with the ruler Ashoka. Ashoka changed from Hinduism to Buddhism and influenced many people. The empire declined in power, resulting in political decentralization when Ashoka was not the ruler anymore.
Gupta Empire
Second period of unity in South Asia (320 BCE to 550 BCE)- referred to as the Golden Age of India. There was a centralized government in Pataliputra, a city in northwestern India. They developed 0-9 and place value. They were patriarchal and Hindu.
Mandate of Heaven
The idea that 'heaven' or some universal force provided justification for an emperor and his family to rule China. If the ruler was corrupt or ineffective, 'heaven' would show its displeasure in the form of natural disasters. Several major peasant uprisings were based on this.
Confucianism
This is the Warring States Period (551 BC) Confucius teachings were written in the Analects, they describe how people should behave in everyday life. He focused on education, benevolence, virtue, respect for those with authority, a patriarchal social structure, and filial piety (the duty of family members to subordinate their desires to those of the male head of the family and the ruler).
Confucius
K'ung fu-tzu, a Chinese philosopher and teacher focused on how people should behave in everyday life.
Daoism
Second response to the warring states period. focuses on how people could live in harmony with nature. Emphasized internal reflection and their external Behavior.
Qin Dynasty
(221 BCE - 207 BCE) Standardized Chinese script. established a uniform system of weights and measures and built canals and roads. These changes provided the foundation for increased trade and stability.
Han Dynasty
(206 BCE - 220 BCE) Golden age of Chinese history. more peaceful as the population grows. developed the magnetic compass, paper, and sternpost rudder. Trade extended from Chang'an, the capital, West to the Mediterranean Sea. Luxury items such as spices, gems, precious metals, tea, and silk were traded. also the civil service exam.
Civil Service Exam
Required students to analyze Confucian teachings, those who scored well received prestigious jobs in the government bureaucracy. Expanding the government with well-educated individuals allowed for some social mobility (between castes).
Persian Empire
(559 BCE, Cyrus the Great). Included most of the lands from the Aegean Sea in the west to the border of India in the east. It is also known as the Achaemenid Empire. With a strong centralized government, efficient bureaucracy, and network of roads, trade, prosperity, and stability were promoted. Ethnically and religiously diverse, as the government practiced religious toleration.
Diaspora
The dispersion of any people from their original homeland to various locations around the world.
Christianity
The name evolved from the word 'Christ' which is the savior of humanity sent by God, Jews considered Jesus to be this 'Christ'. It taught that people could have a better life after death if they believed in Jesus. In the fourth century under the rule of Emperor Constantine, it became legal. It is a universalizing religion with a monastic lifestyle for men (monks) and women (nuns) to devote their lives to practicing the faith.
Byzantine Empire
In the mid 4th Century Rome divided into two distinct entities. Emperor Constantine renamed Byzantinium Constantinople and made it the wealthy and politically powerful capital of the east. Rome became the empire in the west. Constantinople is Istanbul today. Geographically aided by rivers flowing into the Mediterranean and black Seas, Constantinople became an entrepôt, or a coastal trading center, and prospered as raw goods arrived from northern Europe, cereals from Egypt, and spices and finished products from the east. Justinian the Great (527-565) aided it in the construction of the church called the Hagia Sophia (537) another creation was the Justinian code. The consolidation of Roman law would serve as a foundation of legal knowledge in Europe into the 19th century.
Entrepôt
Coastal trading center.
Teotihuacan
A multicultural urban area that prospered through regional trade. Located near modern-day Mexico City. The streets were laid out on a grid and Monumental religious temples or dedicated to the gods of the sun and the moon. The city was abandoned by 650. It is also known as the 'city of the gods' and will go on to influence other powerful civilizations such as the Aztecs.
Mayans
South of Teotihuacan. 1500 BCE with height of wealth between 250 CE and 900 CE. Complex written language, accurate calendar, and concept of zero.
Indian Ocean Trade Network
The silk road, the ____, and the trans saharan trade routes were brimming with items such as porcelain, ivory, teakwood, spices, and silk. These networks also provided more ways for technology and ideas to move from one culture to another.
Islam
A merchant, Muhammad, believed he had received revelations from God. These revelations were written in the Qur'an, the sacred scriptures. Followers of this religion were also known as Muslims, and this religion unified the Arabian Peninsula.
Sunni
Islamic. Around 632 until today. The leader (Caliph) should be selected among all leaders of the Islamic community following the death of Muhammad in 632. The majority of Muslims supported this.
Shi'a
Islamic. Around 632 until today. The Caliph should be a blood relative of Muhammad. This was strongest in Iran and Iraq.
Dar al Islam
House of Islam. The part of the world that was united by Islam. Including southern Spain, North Africa, the Middle East, and parts of India.
Abbasid
Most influential rulers and Islam (750 - 1258). Islamic cultural Golden Age period. Helped the Chinese Tang Dynasty reestablished the Silk Road trade and facilitated growth of the trans-saharan trade to West Africa. Islamic society (Baghdad) thrived. Advance in medicine, astronomical observatories, algebra, astrolabe, and preserve the Greek and Roman text. Non-Muslims kept their faith through jizya, an additional tax. Ended female infanticide and strengthened marriage and property rights of women. Supported the veiling of women and the right of a man to take up to four wives.
Sui Dynasty
Ending three centuries of trouble (581-618) reconstructing a centralized government.
Tang Dynasty
(618-907) Building upon Sui dynasty. Extended borders north into Mongolia, west into Central Asia, and South into Vietnam.
Song Dynasty
(960-1229) Continuation of the golden age. Meritocracy allowed for more upward mobility in the social hierarchy. China became the leading manufacturer, producing iron, steel, silk, and porcelain.
Shogun
A military General at the top of Japanese political and social hierarchy.
Daimyos
A powerful landlord under the Shogun in the Japanese political and social hierarchy.
Shinto
A set of beliefs centered on the veneration of ancestors and nature spirits.
Ghana
(700-1240) The trans-Saharan trade route allowed _____ to become wealthy with gold and salt taxes when entered or exited.
Great Zimbabwe
A large Kingdom in the southeast part of Africa during the 12th and 15th centuries, possibly declined because of reduced gold output.
Monsoon Winds
Seasonal winds that bring significant changes in weather patterns, characterized by heavy rainfall during the monsoon season and dry conditions during the off season.
Mississippian
Flourished between the 8th and 16th centuries, with its city of Cahokia being a major trade hub with a population larger than London.
Toltecs
10th century Mesoamerica civilization that adopted many Mayan practices, being both polytheistic and animistic, and major influences on the Aztecs.
Legalism
The view that the solution to all of China’s problems began with rules or laws, clearly spelled out and strictly enforced through a system of rewards and punishments. Held a pessimistic view on human nature. Believed only the state and rulers could act in long-term interests, supporting only farmers and soldiers, and deeming merchants, aristocrats, and scholars as useless. Provided inspiration and methods for the harsh reunification of China under Shihuangdi and the Qin dynasty, but the brutality of that short dynasty thoroughly discredited it.
Analects
The teachings of Confucius, focusing on education, benevolence, virtue, respect for those with authority, and a patriarchal social structure.
Vedas
The Hindu Scriptures, a collection of poems, hymns, prayers, and rituals that taught about reincarnation and the organization of society into castes.
Upanishads
Composed by largely anonymous thinkers between 800 and 400 BCE. Mystical and highly philosophical works that sought to probe the inner meaning of the rituals prescribed in the Vedas. The idea of Brahman, the World Soul, a primal unitary energy or divine reality infusing all things was prominent.
Siddhartha Gautama
Founder of Buddhism. Born into a wealthy Hindu family in 530 BCE. Legends say he meditated under a Bodhi tree to understand the cause of people’s suffering. He then called himself Buddha ‘the enlightened one’ and taught others what he knew.
Buddha
'The Enlightened One', leader of Buddhism, whose real name is Siddhartha Gautama.
Mahayana Buddhism
Focused on spiritual growth for all beings and on service, becoming strongest in China and Korea.
Theravada Buddhism
Focused on personal spiritual growth through silent meditation and self-discipline, becoming strongest in Southeast Asia.
Bhagavad Gita
(300 CE) Conveyed the message that ordinary people, not just Brahmins (priests), could find spiritual fulfillment by selflessly performing the ordinary duties of their lives
Bhakti Movement
Hindus that developed a strong sense of attachment to a particular deity instead of emphasizing studying text or performing rituals. appealing to many because it did not discriminate against women or people of low social status. It involved the intense Adoration of and identification with a particular deity through songs, prayers, and rituals. Emphasize in a reflection to achieve a direct and personal relationship with a deity , and placed less emphasis on strict adherence to traditional rituals and beliefs. similar to Shi’a Muslims
Church of the East
Spread from Syria into Persia. It developed a unique liturgy with strong Jewish influences and a musical tradition of chance and hymns, all in Syriac (related to Aramic). A modest Christian presence in central Asia was also an outgrowth
Bananas from Austronesia
Brought from south east Asia by the voyagers greatly enriched the diets of many African peoples. This is an example of how Afro-Eurasia developed interlinked.
Meroë
civilization of Africa. The kingdom of ____ was governed by an all powerful and sacred monarch, a position held on at least 10 occasions by women, governing alone or as co-rulers. Its iron weapons and cotton cloth, as well as its access to gold, ivory, tortoise shells, and ostrich feathers, gave it a reputation for great riches in the world of north eastern Africa, and the Mediterranean.
Axum
Now northern Ethiopia. Its economic foundation was a highly productive agriculture that used a plow-based farming system. The next several centuries were ones of decline partly because of soil exhaustion, erosion, and deforestation. Christianity took root, supported by royal authority. Islam altered trade roots and diminished the revenue available. It was the interior capital city, a center of monumental buildings and Royal patronage for the arts.
Ge'ez
Written in a script derived from South Arabia, the language used in court, towns, and commerce
Niger Valley Civilization
Urban clusters along the middle stretches of the Niger Valley in West Africa in 300 BCE – 900 BCE. The people created a distinctive city based civilization with an apparent absence of a corresponding state structure. The complex urban centers operated without the coercive authority of a state.
Chavin
(900 BCE) Chavín de Huántar, in the Andean highlands, became the focus of a religious movement that soon swept through both Coastal and Highland Peru, aided by its strategic location on trade routes to both the coastal region to the west and the Amazon rainforest to the east. By 200 BCE the pan Andes Chavín cult faded, replaced by a number of regional civilizations.
Moche
(100-800 CE) 250 Mi stretch of Peru's northern coast and incorporating 13 River valleys. Their economy was rooted in a complex irrigation system, requiring constant maintenance that funneled runoff from the Andy's in the fields of maze, beans, squash, and guano fertilized by bird droppings which is guano. also anchovies. The people were governed by Warrior priests. Much of what is known came from the work of metal workers, potters, weavers, and painters. Not much is known about the daily lives of the farmers, fisherman, weaver's, traders, construction workers, and servants. The region was subject to drought, earthquakes, and torrential rains. This made them vulnerable to aggressive neighbors and the civilization was no more by the end of the 8th century CE.
Bantu Migration
A slow movement of people and mainly a diffusion of goods and ideas. It made Africa south of the equator its own distinct region, caused interactions between culturally distinct people and farmers to replace gatherers as the dominant people.
Chaco Phenomenon
Larger settlements and above-ground structures known as Pueblos. The most spectacular of these took place in ___ Canyon. Between 800-1130 CE, 5 major Pueblos emerged.
Mound Builders
Had their own Agricultural Revolution. Supplemented diets with gathering and hunting. Created societies distinguished by large earthen mounds.
Hopewell Culture
The builders of the mounds were named ____ after an archaeological site in Ohio.
Cahokia
The dominant center is near St. Louis, Missouri. Flourished in 900-1250 CE, it was a stratified society with a clear elite. It had a central mound terrace pyramid of 4 levels that was the largest structure north of Mexico.