Biotechnology

only use "answer with term"

Biotechnology

Used in medicine to produce vaccines and antibiotics and agriculture to modify crops

DNA

Can be extracted, replicated, and manipulated

mRNA

Less stable than DNA but can be analyzed

Isolated, Extracted

To be able to study nucleic acids, the DNA or RNA must be _______ or _______ from the cell

Gel electrophoresis

Technique used to separate DNA molecules by size

Restriction enzymes

Extracts and cuts DNA into fragments for gel electrophoresis

negative

wells of the gel, which are next to the ________ electrode, and the electric current is turned on

negative

charge of DNA fragments

positive

DNA fragments move torward which electrode

smaller/shorter, larger/longer

_________ fragments travel faster than the ________ fragments

DNA ladder

First well or size marker (M) used to reference size

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

A technique used to make copies (amplify) of a specific DNA region

Denaturation, Annealing, Extension

3 steps of PCR

Denaturation

Step of PCR: Using high heal, separate the the DNA strands at 96*C

Annealing

PCR Step: cool the reaction so PCR primers(single stranded DNA) can bind to the single stranded template

Extension

PCT Step: Tap polymerase (DNA polymerase found in bacteria) extends the primer and synthesizes new DNA

gel electrophoresis

PCR reactions are made visible using ____ ________

it contains many, many copies of the DNA fragment

DNA band produced in the gel after it’s gone through PCR will be a lot thicker because

Reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR)

Augments DNA fragments from an RNA template

Complementary DNA/cDNA

RT-PCR turns the mRNA from the organism into DNA called

Reverse transcription

The use of reverse transcriptase to make a DNA strand from the mRNA

DNA polymerase

______________ creates the second strand

Once the double stranded cDNA is produced, PCR is used to amplify the sequence

DNA cloning

Technique that makes many identical copies of a piece of DNA such as a specific gene

transformation

Target gene is inserted into a DNA plasmid (vector)

That is inserted into bacteria through a process called

bacteria is then used to make more plasmid DNA or make proteins from the DNA

After transformation, what does bacteria do?

Cutting and Pasting DNA

Step 1 of altering Bacteria

restriction enzyme

cuts the specific target sequence in DNA

DNA ligase, recombinant plasmid

gene is then “pasted” into a plasmid and combined together with_______, and is now called a ____________

Bacterial Transformation and Antibiotic Resistance

Step 2 of altering Bacteria

Heat Shock

In order for transformation to occur, bacteria cells are given a ___ ____ that opens up the cell membrane of the bacteria to let in the DNA

antibiotic resistance gene

AR: plasmid also contains an ______ ______ _____, which allows it to survive in the presence of a specific antibiotic

Protein Production

Step 3: of altering bacteria

recombinant plasmid

A large culture of the bacteria that contains the ______________ is grown, and then the bacteria is given a signal that instructs them transcribe and translate the target gene into proteins

split open

Once the protein has been produced, the bacterial cells can be ____ _____ to release it

purified

The proteins are ________ (separated from other proteins) using beads with antibodies that bind specifically to the target protein

Then, all the other molecules are washed away, and then the target protein is released from the column

biomedical and pharmaceutical purposes and gene therapy

uses of DNA cloning

Make insulin for Diabetic patients

Make human growth hormones for patients

Example of biomedical and pharmaceutical purposes:

Normal genes are inserted into a patient who lacks the functional form of that gene

Example of gene therapy

Genetic engineering

Alteration of a organisms genotype using recombinant DNA technology to modify an organism’s DNA to achieve the desired traits

Genetically modified organism (GMO)

Organism that receives the recombination DNA

Transgenic

Organism that receives DNA from a different species

disease resistance, herbicide & pesticide resistance, better nutritional value, and better shelf-life

Benefits of creating GMOs

allows scientists to study the effects of diseases on the human immune system

Mice produced with human genes have allowed studies to study what effects?

Possible unintended harm to other non-target organisms

“Superweeds” are created when there’s a natural gene transfer between the GMO and a weed

GM plants outcompete native plants

Unknown human health risks

Reduced number of pollinators

Loss of biodiversity

Challenges of GMOs