AP Human Geography Unit 6A

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bid-rent theory (curve)

Explains how the demand for and price of land decrease as its distance from the central business district increases

Boomburb

A place with more than 100,000 residents that is not a core city in a metropolitan area; a large suburb with its own government

Borcherts transportation model

development of cities in relation to the development of transportation and communication. According to Borchert's model a city's urban layout owes a great deal to what forms of transportation and communication were available when the city was settled.

central business district (CBD)

A dense cluster of offices and shops located at a city’s most accessible point, usually its center

Central place

A settlement that makes certain types of products and services available to consumers

Central place theory

A model, developed by Walter Christaller, that attempts to understand why cities are located where they are

City

A relatively large, densely populated settlement with a much larger population than rural towns and villages; cities serve as important commercial, governmental, and cultural hubs for their surrounding regions

City-state

A sovereign state comprising a city and its immediate hinterland.

concentric zone model

A model of a city's internal organization developed by E. W. Burgess that shows rings of factory production and different residential zones radiating outward from a central business district

disamenity zones

the very poorest parts of cities that in extreme cases are not even connected to city services (amenities) and are controlled by gangs and drugs (Favelas in Rio)

Counter-urbanization

Net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries.

Ecumene

The portion of Earth's surface with permanent human settlement

Edge city

A concentration of business, shopping, and entertainment that developed in the suburbs, outside of a city's traditional downtown or central business district

Exurb

A semi rural district located beyond the suburbs that is often inhabited by well-to-do families

favelas (barrios)

illegal housing settlements, usually made up of temporary shelters that surround large cities.

Griffin-Ford model

A model of the internal structure of the Latin American city developed by Ernst Griffin and Larry Ford

High-order services

larger market area services that are purchased less frequently than lower-order goods and services.

Low-order services

smaller market area services that are purchased more frequently than higher-order goods and services.

Market area

The area surrounding a central place from which people are attracted to use the place's goods and services (also known as hinterland).

Megacity

A city with more than 10 million residents

Megalopolis

A continuous urban complex in the northeastern United States.

Metacity

A city with more than 20 million residents

Metropolitan area

An area composed of a heavily populated urban core and its less populated surrounding areas

Metropolitan statistical area (MSA)

In the United States, a region with at least one urbanized area as its core

Micropolitan statistical area

In the United States, a region with one or more urban clusters of at least 10,000 people as its cores (but less than 50,000)

Multiple nuclei model

A model of a city's internal organization, developed by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman, showing residential districts organized around several nodes (nuclei) rather than one central business district

Nodal city (region)

like a functional region because it is defined by a social or economic function that occurs between a node or focal point and the surrounding areas. For example the circulation area of the New York Times is a functional region and New York is the node.

periodic markets

When small vendors from all around meet up at a certain location to sell goods sometimes weekly and sometimes annually (Farmers Market)

peripheral model (galactic city model)

A model of North American urban areas consisting of inner cities surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road.

Primate city

A city that is MORE than twice as large than any other city in the country and that dominates the country's economic, political, and cultural life

Range

In central place theory, the distance people will travel to acquire a good

Rank-size rule

A pattern of settlements in a country such that the nth largest settlement is l/n the population of the largest settlement.

Reurbanization

The growth in population in metropolitan central cores, following a period of absolute or relative decline in population.

Sector model (Hoyt's)

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the central business district.

Settlement

A permanent collection of buildings and inhabitants

Shantytowns

Unplanned slum development on the margins of cities, dominated by crude dwellings and shelters made mostly of scrap wood, iron, and even pieces of cardboard.

Sprawl

The tendency of cities to grow outward in an unchecked manner

squatter settlements

An area of degraded, seemingly temporary, inadequate, and often illegal housing

Suburbanization

he growth of cities outside of an urban area. They grow in the galactic/edge city model because of the interstate highway and the availability of goods outside of the city.

Suburb

A residential or commercial area situated within an urban area but outside the central city.

Threshold

In central place theory, the number of people required to support businesses

Urban

Relating to a city

Urban area

A central city and its surrounding built-up suburbs; density of 1,000+

Urban hierarchy

A ranking of cities, with the largest and most powerful cities at the top of the hierarchy

Urbanization

The movement of people from rural areas to cities

World cities (global cities)

A world center of trade, finance, information, and migration