What is interphase? During interphase, the cell grows and the nuclear DNA is duplicated.

Which phase does the chromatin condense and become visible? Prophase

Which phase does the nuclear membrane completely dissolve? Metaphase

Which phase does centrosomes (centrioles) START to move toward opposite sides of the cell? Prophase

Which phase does the nucleolus disappear? Prophase

Which phase of mitosis is that last phase that chromatids are together? Metaphase

What phase are daughter cells as a result of mitosis? Interphase

Which phase do centrometres divide and the chromosomes move to their respective poles? Anaphase

What phase do chromatin condense to form chromosomes? Prophase

Name of structure that connects two chromatids? Centrometre

What structure forms in prophase when the chromosomes move? Why? Spindle fibers. These spindle fibers act as guides for the alignment of the chromosomes as they separate later during the process of cell division.

What forms across the centre of a cell at the end of telophase? Cell plate

Which phase does cytokinesis occur? Telophase

When will cell division not occur? - if there are not enough nutrients around to support cell growth - the DNA has not replicated - the DNA is damaged

what is the longest stage and why. Interphase, the non-dividing stage is the longest phase because many cells leave due to there being enough cells of a type that are not required. The body does not need that cell to divide (e.g. all muscle and nerve cells).

What is Necrosis? The death of liing tissues to to uexpected and accidental cell damage. (E.g. exposure to toxic chemicals, like toxins, radiation, or physical events; trauma, lack of oxygen due to the blockage of blood flow.

Define a tumour. "A abnormla clump or a group of cells that reduces the normal functions of the body's tissue by ""invading it"""

DNA mutation? "Changes to a cell's gentic info (DNA)."

Tumour that is NOT cancerous and does not spread. Benign tumour.

What is metastatis? Cancer cells can break away from orginial (or primary) tumour and move to a different part of the body. Do not destruct creating a genetic error that can replicate uncontrollably to other tissues - creating a clump of abnormal cells with further mutations (tumour).

Why are tumour dangerous? They can spread to other parts of the body and continue dividing - tumours can reduce the efffectiveness of body tissues and their function.

Cell deaths to to unexpeced and accidental cell damage. Necrosis

What is a carcinogen? An agent that can cause DNA mutation.

What is a malginant tumour? Tumour that is cancerous and does spread to other tissue - replicates faser and can destroy nearby tissues.

What are two reasons cells leave the cell cycle? - Not enough nutrients are availible to provide for cell growth - DNA has not replicated or is damaged/mutated

Why might a person who has a skin cancer later develop a tumour on her lungs? Pieces of the skin tumour might break off and travel to the lungs growing new tumours in a new location.

What is a carcinogen? Give some examples of them present in everyday life? An agent that can cause DNA mutation. Ex: tabocca, medical radiation, UV rays, alcohol, processed meat, virsues, medications, etc.

At which checkpoints does a DNA mutation might be detected? G2 --> M G2: FInal grow & activity before mitsosis

What could happe if the mutation is not detected? Cells mutated with abnormal genetic material can become cancerous cells.

What is chemotherapy? The use of chemica drugs to slow down cancer.

What is a vaccine? The use of chemical to boost your immune system to fight cancer.

The physical removal of tumours Surgery.

Why might it be easy to overlook cancer in its early stages? Early warning signs can be similar to other common illnesses, making them easy to overlook.

What does DNA stand for? Deoxyrbinucleic acid

What is a DNA mutation? A change in the usual order of the A, C, T, G

What is DNA screeening? The process of testing individuals to determine whether they have genes associated with certaiin genetic discorders.

What caused DNA mutations? Mutagens, substances that physically damage DNA, such as electromagnetic radiation and chemicals.

What is the sides of the DNA ladder made of? Deoxyribose sugar and phosphate

what THREE parts make up a single nucleotide? nitrogenous base + deoxyribose sugar + phosphate

How do the nitrogenous bases bond together? Form covalent hydrogen bonds.

Why is DNA important? "Each DNA contains thousands of genes that are responsible for controlling the type of protein that is created by the cell. It helps determine an organism's characterstics (i.e eye colour)."

Function of a gene? Segment of DNA that determines protein production.

How do nucleotides bond together? By covalent bonds

How do nitrogenous bases bond together? Hydrogen bonds

What do genes control? Cell activities, cell strucuture, and protein production.

what is a mutation? a change in the usual order of A, C, T, G.

What is the effects of a mutation? Alters the protein strucuture and its function that the gene codes for.

What effect foes the mutation in the hemoglobin gene have on blood cells? sickle cell anemia (a disese; blood cells have an irregular shape); becomes unable to carry oxygen to cell efficiently.

Mutagen? A substance that can cause a mutation. Ex: eletromagenetic radiation (UV rays, X-rays), chemicals (tar in cigarettes, mercury).

Two ways a mutation might not be harmful? a. if it occurs in a non-genetic part of DNA (not code for proteins) b. if it is neutral (does not affect function of protein); unharmful

What is teh goal of research in gene therapy? Correcting faulty genes

Why are the results from genetic screening sometimes unclear? The reulsts do not always mean that there is a 100% chance of the disorder or disease - could be you might have a greater chance of getting it.

Why does the number of cells increase instead of just growing individually? If cells grow too large, diffusion and osomisis is very slow because there is not enough surface area for nutrients to go into cell quickly, making them less efficient.

why is cell division important? - cell growth - repair and replacement of damaged cel parts (worn away, aged, or damaged) - reproduction of new species

describe telophase. two daughter nuclei are formed, spindle fibres dissapear, new nuclear membrane begins to form around the nucleus, nucelolous appears, chroosomes reach opposite sides and are less coilded like

cytokinesis for plants golgi bodies produce vesicles. They line up in between the two new nuclei forming a cell plate. cell grows outwards pushing the cell plate until it breaks into the cell wall and new cell membrane forms inside new cell wall creating two duaghter cells

cytokinesis in animal cell? a rigng of speialied proteins around the middle of cell starts to contract, pinches in creating a cleavage furrow until new cells are formed.

What is a tumour? "A abnromal clump of group cells that reduces the function of other body tissues by ""invading it""."

What is cancer? Cells with abnormal genetic material that are dividing uncontrollably and can spread to other body parts invading other tissues.

What is a malignant tumour? Cancerous cell that can spread to other tissues.

What is biophotonics? The tech of using light energy to diagnose, monitor, and treat living cells and organisms.

Why might cancer reoccur even when surgert is performed to remove malignant tumour? "Criginal tumour moved and spread to another part of body and grew there. Or treatment didn't effectively get rid of all cancer cells, and those left heind grew into a new tumour."

What are specialized cells? Cells that have specific functions/jobs. These cells contain special features that allow them to operate differently and do their intended functions.

What is a specialized cell? Cells that are designed to carry out a particular role in the body, for example red blood cells carry oxygen.

Why are our bodies made up of specialized cells? The cells in our body help our body function. Allow for different types of tissues to exist in our organs, so that the organs can perform different functions in our organ systems.

What is a stem cell? "Cells that can develop into blood, brain, bones, and all of oour body's organ"

What makes stem cells special? They have the potential to repair, restore, replace, and regnerate cells and could possbilty be used to treat many medical conditions and diseases.

Why are stem cells useful? They are useful for creating healthy cells to rplace ones affected by diease.

What is the source of embryonic stem cells?