Social Changes in the Industrial Revolution

How far did industrialization result in changing patterns of trade in this period?

- Changed Trade Patterns -

Railroad Trade, Use of Steam, Inventions

How far did industrialization result in changing patterns of trade in this period?

- Changed Trade Patterns: Railroad Trade -

Railroads provided a cheap way to transport materials and products. Agricultural products could be transported farther without spoiling. Railroads could carry more than any other method at the time.

How far did industrialization result in changing patterns of trade in this period?

- Changed Trade Patterns: Use of Steam -

Caused a huge increase in productivity in factories. Steamships increased the speed that goods could be shipped.

How far did industrialization result in changing patterns of trade in this period?

- Changed Trade Patterns: Inventions -

Steam Locomotives and Steamships allowed goods to be shipped quicker. Textile inventions allowed products to be made quicker.

How far did industrialization result in changing patterns of trade in this period?

- Did Not Change Trade Patterns -

Roads/Trade, Canals, Agricultural Revolution

How far did industrialization result in changing patterns of trade in this period?

- Did Not Change Trade Patterns: Roads/Trade -

Roads were in poor conditions, and the most usable roads extended only short distances beyond a town. horse-drawn wagons traveled with difficulty.

New methods of road building made travel by land faster. Manufactured goods could be delivered more efficiently.

How far did industrialization result in changing patterns of trade in this period?

- Did Not Change Trade Patterns: Canals -

They were a cheap and effective means for transporting coal and other heavy goods. A canal boat could hold more than a wagon, and they were pulled over the water with a single horse. Where it was impossible to dig canals, mine owners used wooden or iron rails.

How far did industrialization result in changing patterns of trade in this period?

- Did Not Change Trade Patterns: Agricultural Revolution -

Food production improved so farmers began trading more. The expansion of roads and canals meant food could be distributed more widely and quickly.

Why did the Industrial Revolution lead to the development of towns and cities?

Use of Steam, Factory System, Urbanization

Why did the Industrial Revolution lead to the development of towns and cities?

- Use of Steam -

Steam power allowed for larger and more powerful machines. It was also applied to machines in factories, which resulted in a huge increase in both productivity and range of jobs that could be performed by machine.

Why did the Industrial Revolution lead to the development of towns and cities?

- Factory System -

The Factory System was created to better supervise labor. Workers came to a central location to work under supervision. Steam power allowed factories to be built in cities.

Why did the Industrial Revolution lead to the development of towns and cities?

- Urbanization -

Migrants moved from the countryside, and small towns became large cities. By 1850, for the first time in world history, more people in a country (Britain) lived in cities than in rural areas.

Why did conservative interests try to hinder the development of the Industrial Revolution?

Luddites, Changing From Roads and Canals to Railways, Skilled Craftsmen/Nobility.

Why did conservative interests try to hinder the development of the Industrial Revolution?

- Luddites -

They were skilled workers that violently opposed the use of the power loom because it threw them out of work. Those who got factory jobs had to take the same pay as unskilled workers. They rioted by smashing machines and trying to prevent their use. The government convicted, imprisoned, or even hanged them.

Why did conservative interests try to hinder the development of the Industrial Revolution?

- Changing From Roads and Canals to Railways -

Canal owners believed their profits were threatened by railways, so they campaigned against them to delay their approval in parliament. When the railways won approval, violence broke out between gangs of workmen and local groups.

Why did conservative interests try to hinder the development of the Industrial Revolution?

- Skilled Craftsmen/Nobility -

Skilled craftsmen opposed mass production believing that it threatened their livelihoods. The Nobility were upset because their political, social, and economic interests were based on land, and the factory owners were gaining a lot of money.

Why did the Industrial Revolution bring about important social changes in Europe?

Growth of Middle Class Investments, Classes Could Prosper, Church/Religion

Why did the Industrial Revolution bring about important social changes in Europe?

- Growth of Middle Class Investments -

The Middle Class became wealthier as a result of the Industrial Revolution - either as factory owners, industrial inventors, bankers, investors, or merchants. The Middle class's political power grew. They won the vote, and some became members of parliament.

Why did the Industrial Revolution bring about important social changes in Europe?

- Classes Could Prosper -

Social Mobility: Factory owners increased in wealth and influence. Some of the children of these industrialists married into noble families.

Voting Rights: Most working-class men had the right to vote in Britain.

Education: Most children were educated at least to literacy level.

Why did the Industrial Revolution bring about important social changes in Europe?

- Church/Religion -

Church traditions and beliefs seemed old-fashioned and unexciting compared to capitalism and atheist Marxism. Religious beliefs were challenged by scientific discoveries. Half of the population did not regularly attend church.

How far do you agree that the Industrial Revolution had a positive social effect?

- Positive Social Effect -

Social Effects of Railways, Religious Movement, Impact on Middle and Lower Classes

How far do you agree that the Industrial Revolution had a positive social effect?

- Positive Social Effect: Social Effects of Railways -

News could spread quickly. The postal service began using railways. Diet improved as fresh food could be transported quickly. Labor could move more easily to where there was work.

How far do you agree that the Industrial Revolution had a positive social effect?

- Positive Social Effect: Religious Movement -

Protestant groups outside of the Church of England catered for the poor.

Methodists gained members.

The Salvation Army helped poor alcoholics.

How far do you agree that the Industrial Revolution had a positive social effect?

- Positive Social Effect: Impact on Middle and Lower Classes -

Middle class became wealthier, and moved to the suburbs of cities to escape the urban poor. The Public Health Act of 1875 banned open sewers, and most children were educated at least to literacy level. The mass production of clothing made it more affordable, allowing the general population to wear similar fashions.

How far do you agree that the Industrial Revolution had a positive social effect?

- Negative Social Effect -

Religious Changes, Marxism, Church Attendance

How far do you agree that the Industrial Revolution had a positive social effect?

- Negative Social Effect: Religious Changes -

Church traditions and beliefs seemed old-fashioned and unexciting compared to capitalism and atheist Marxism. Religious beliefs were challenged by scientific discoveries.

How far do you agree that the Industrial Revolution had a positive social effect?

- Negative Social Effect: Marxism -

Marx called for a revolution by the lower classes, whom he referred to as the proletariat, or wage-slaves, to overthrow the Capitalist system.

A dictatorship of the proletariat would lead to a classless society.

National boundaries would disappear and state governments would no longer exist.

How far do you agree that the Industrial Revolution had a positive social effect?

- Negative Social Effect: Church Attendance -

Half of the population did not regularly attend church. Church attendance was patchy - more frequent in some areas than others. Sunday schools remained popular amongst the industrial poor, as they provided basic education and Christian teaching.

Why was urbanization negative for Factory Workers?

Working Conditions, Health and Welfare, Family Life

Why was urbanization negative for Factory Workers?

- Working Conditions -

Young workers received little or no pay. They worked 14 hours a day, 6 days a week, and there were harsh physical punishment. Most factory owners put profit above the health and safety of their workers. Children and young women were employed in terrible conditions in textile mills and mines. Workers in factories and mills were deafened by steam hammers and machinery.

Why was urbanization negative for Factory Workers?

- Health and Welfare -

Poor living and working conditions left the working classes vulnerable to disease. Cities were dirty and polluted by the smoke and waste from factories.

- Cholera: contaminated water (waste water)

- Typhoid: contaminated/spoiled food

- Tuberculosis: lung disease, polluted air

- Rickets: weakened bones, caused by lack of vitamin D

Why was urbanization negative for Factory Workers?

- Family Life -

Families were separated as their place of work shifted from the home to factories. Factory workers were laid off from their jobs during hard times. Men and women reversed roles, as the women worked and men stayed home to care for the family.