ANATOMY WEEK 1

Anatomical Position

is the starting point for describing positions and directions of the human body, with the body standing upright, feet slightly apart, face and shoulders facing forward, and palms facing forward.

Sagittal Plane

Divides body into right and left halves

Frontal plane

Divides body into front and back halves

Transverse plane

Divides body into top and bottom halves

Anterior or ventral

Towards the front of the body

Posterior or dorsal

Towards the back of the body

Medial

Towards the midline of the body

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body

Distal

Away from the trunk

Superficial

Towards the surface of the body

Deep

Away from the surface of the body

Axial body: Head and Neck

• Cephalic region

• Cervical region

• Cranial region

• Frontal region

• Occipital region

• Oral region

• Orbital or ocular region

Axial body:Thorax

• Axillary region

• Deltoid region

• Pectoral region

• Scapular region

• Sternal region

• Vertebral region

Axial Body: Abdomen

• Abdominal region

• Gluteal region

• Lumbar region

• Pelvic region

• Pubic region

• Sacral region

Axial Body: Appendicular body, Upper extremity

• Antebrachial region

• Antecubital region

• Brachial region

• Carpal region

• Cubital region

• Digital region

• Manual region

• Palmar region

Axial Body:Appendicular body, Lower extremity

• Crural region

• Femoral region

• Patellar region

• Pedal region

• Plantar region

• Popliteal region

• Sural region

• Tarsal region

Cavities

The human body has various cavities that hold internal organs, including the: posterior or dorsal body cavity(cranial and spinal cavities), and the anterior or ventral body cavity (thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities). There are also smaller cavities like the oral, nasal, orbital, middle ear, and pleural cavities.

Atoms

Combine to form molecules

Cells

Are the smallest building blocks of living beings

Cells for 4 tissues:

epithelial, connective, muscular, and neural.

Organ

Organs are composed of different types of tissues and perform specific functions

Organ Systems

consist of two or more organs that work together

Integumentary system

skin and appendages (hair, fingernails); covering the body, protecting tissues, synthesising vitamin D, eliminating waste, regulating body temperature.

Skeletal system

bones, cartilage, ligaments; protecting and supporting organs, providing a framework for muscles, producing blood cells, storing minerals.

Muscular System

cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscle tissue; locomotion, facial expression, posture maintenance, body heat production, digestion.

Nervous System

brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors; fast-acting control system, responding to internal and external changes, activating muscles and glands.

Endocrine System

endocrine glands; secretion of hormones into the bloodstream.

Respiratory System

lungs, nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea; oxygen supply, carbon dioxide removal, gas exchange in lung air sacs.

Cardiovascular System

heart, blood vessels; pumping blood, transporting respiratory gases, nutrients, hormones, and wastes.

Lymphatic System

lymphatic vessels, nodes; collecting leaked fluid, returning it to the blood, disposing of debris, housing immune cells.

Digestive System

oesophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs; breaking down food, absorbing nutrients, removing indigestible waste.

Urinary System

kidneys, bladder; eliminating nitrogen waste, regulating water, electrolyte and acid-base balance.

Male reproductive System

testes, scrotum, penis; producing sperm, delivering viable sperm to the female reproductive tract.

Female Reproductive System

• ovaries, uterus, vagina; producing eggs, site for fertilization and foetal development, milk production for nourishing newborns.

Homeostasis

• Homeostasis involves the coordination of organ systems to regulate factors like body temperature, blood pressure, blood sugar, water balance, and sodium levels.

• Homeostasis is the state of regulated physiological balance.

• Homeostatic mechanisms maintain homeostasis by the collaboration of nervous and endocrine systems.

• Sensory receptors detect changes in the environment and transmit information to a control centre.

• The control centre analyses the information and sends commands to effectors to maintain homeostasis.

• Most homeostatic mechanisms operate through negative feedback loops.

• Negative feedback restores the system to its set point by counteracting changes in the opposite direction.

• Examples of negative feedback include a thermostat controlling room temperature and the body's response to changes in body temperature.

• Positive feedback loops can also occur, amplifying disruptive influences.

• Positive feedback is involved in processes like blood clotting, nerve signal transmission, and contractions during childbirth.

• Excessive positive feedback, such as a high fever, can be dangerous and requires intervention.

• Homeostasis doesn't mean constant conditions, but rather routine fluctuations within a normal range.

• Strenuous exercise, for example, causes temporary increases in blood pressure and body temperature.

• Homeostatic mechanisms work to maintain these fluctuations within a healthy range.