Imperial Image
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15 March 44BCE
Date: Assassination of Julius Caesar
Julius Caesar, Pompey, Crassus
Who was in the First triumvirate?
rule of three men
Definition: Triumvirate
improved living conditions
Why was Julius Caesar popular with the poor?
held on to the position of dictator for too long and was seen as acting like a king, threatening the republic
Why was Caesar disliked and eventually killed by fellow senators?
May 44BCE
Date: Octavian's arrival in Rome
Named him as his heir and requested he took his name
What did Julius Caesars will state concerning Octavian?
his relationship with Julius Caesar
What was Octavian's early public image defined by?
Aureus, obv. bare head of Octavian, rev. Head of Julius Caesar with laurel wreath
What source shows Octavian stressing his relationship with Julius Caesar?
gave them 75 denarii, as according to Julius Caesar, and held games in honour of Venus (panem et circenses)
How did Octavian gain popularity with the poorer classes after he came to Rome?
Julius Caesar rising to the sky to be deified
What did Octavian say the comet appearing at the games was?
made a speech at Julius Caesar's funeral attacking the assassins, causing them to flee Rome
How did Mark Antony gain popular support?
43BCE
Date: Senate declares war on Antony and Battle of Mutina
43BCE
Date: Octavian marches on Rome
marched on Rome and demanded consulship
How did Octavian respond to the Senate's refusal to grant him honours after Mutina?
He was only 18 and the minimum age was 30
What was significant about Octavian being made consul?
August 43BCE
Date: Octavian becomes consul for the first time following the death of Hirtius and Pansa
43BCE
Date: Cicero's Philipics
November 43BCE
Date: Lex Titia passed
43BCE
Date: Formation of the Second Triumvirate
Octavian, Antony, Lepidus
Who was in the Second Triumvirate?
January 1 42BCE
Date: Julius Caesar deified
divi filius (son of a god)
What did Julius Caesar' deification allow Octavian to call himself?
October 42BCE
Date: Battle of Philippi
Octavian and Antony defeated the assassins (/liberators), Brutus and Cassius, to avenge Julius Caesar
What happened at Philippi?
41BCE
Date: Perusine War
Octavian fought Lucius Antony and Fulvia
What happened in the Perusine War?
40BCE
Date: Treaty of Brundisium
Octavian given the Western Empire, Antony the Eastern Empire and Lepidus the African provinces
How was control of the empire divided up under the Treaty of Brundisium?
40BCE
Date: Proscriptions
their property was confiscated and they could be legally killed
What happened to someone who was proscribed?
removed opposition, showed power, raised funds to pay personal armies
How did the proscriptions benefit the triumvirs?
100-300
Roughly how many senators were killed in the proscriptions?
39BCE
Date: Octavian marries Livia
she was beautiful, intelligent and fulfilled the idea of a roman matrona
How did Octavian's marriage to Livia boost his public image?
Portrait of Livia
What source shows Livia as the perfect Roman woman and wife?
38BCE
Date: War against Sextus Pompeius
38BCE
Date: Octavian adds 'imperator' (commander) to his title
Agrippa
Who was actually the effective military leader for the invasion of Sicily, and most of Octavian's campaigns?
37BCE
Date: Antony marries Cleopatra
36BCE
Date: Invasion of Sicily by Augustus and Agrippa
36BCE
Sextus Pompeius defeated
36BCE
Date: Lepidus stripped of his powers
rostral column, decorated with the prows of defeated ships and a golden statue of himself
How did Octavian celebrate Sextus Pompeius' defeat as his own personal victory at the time?
33BCE
Date: Octavian's second consulship
Began building the Temple of the Deified Julius Caesar in 42BCE, Statilius commissioned new amphitheatre, Agrippa started urban renewal, made gifts to the people
How did Octavian and his allies show themselves to be the benefactors of the people of Rome? (3)
Apollo
What god did Octavian ally himself with?
Sun, prophecy, archery, medicine, music, civilisation, discipline, moderation and morality
What did Apollo represent? (9)
strengthened link to Apollo, increased the idea of divi filius and linked him to Alexander the Great
How did the rumour that Octavian was conceived after Apollo, disguised as a snake, visited his mother help boost his image?
Dionysus
What god did Antony ally himself with?
it was something Hellenistic kings had done
What was a potential danger of Octavian and Antony allying with themselves with gods?
he represented decadence, immorality and the east, which was not popular with the romans
Why might Antony's association with Dionysus have been problematic?
Romans disapproved of bigamy, their children would be royalty and he appeared to have abandoned Rome for the East
Why did Antony's relationship and eventual marriage to Cleopatra damage his image?
36BCE
Date: Antony moves to Alexandria to be with Cleopatra
34BCE
Date: Donations of Alexandria
a celebration of Antony's victory in Armenia, similar to a triumph but held in Alexandria
What was the Donations of Alexandria?
Antony and Cleopatra dressed as Dionysus/Osiris and Aphrodite/Isis and Cleopatra was proclaimed 'Queen of Kings'
What happened during the Donations of Alexandra that would be criticised strongly by Romans?
32BCE
Date: Octavian seizes Antony's will
he wanted to be buried in Alexandria alongside Cleopatra
What was revealed from Antony's will?
32BCE
Date: War declared against Cleopatra
wanted to avoid it looking like a civil war
Why was war declared against Cleopatra, rather than Antony?
started building his mausoleum
What did Octavian do that contrasted him to Antony's will and showed him as loyal to Rome?
31BCE
Date: Third consulship
2 September 31BCE
Date: The Battle of Actium
Antony and Cleopatra fled to Alexandria and a year later they killed themselves before Octavian could get to them
What happened after Actium?
1 August 30BCE
Date: Antony's death
12 August 30BCE
Date: Cleopatra's death
Octavian took it as a province
What happened to Egypt after Actium?
a campaign to bring peace
How did Octavian present the war against Cleopatra?
Minted coins to pay his armies, (e.g. denarius, obv. bare head if octavian, rev. pax standing left holding olive branch and cornucopiae)
How did Octavian stress the idea of him bring peace after Actium? Give an example
it could be seen as a civil war and Octavian didn't play that big a part
Why was it necessary for Octavian to 'spin' Actium?
A Toast to Actium, Cleopatra, Woman's Power
What sources show how Actium was 'spun' to fit Octavian's public image?
30BCE
Date: Fourth consulship
29BCE
Date: Fifth consulship
29BCE
Date: Triple triumph
Actium, Alexandria and Dalmatia
What were the three victories celebrated during the triple triumph?
Statue of Cleopatra on her deathbed paraded, her children locked in chains and the Temple of Janus Quirinus closed
What were 3 important features of the triple triumph?
built a triumphal arch, decorated Julius Caesar's temple with prows of ships and weapons and founded Nikopolis where his army had camped
What 3 things, other than the triple triumph, did Octavian do to commemorate the victory of Actium?
28BCE
Date: Sixth consulship, Agrippa's second
28BCE
Date: Elected princeps senatus
gave the right to speak first in the senate and direct its actions to an extent
What did the princeps senatus title do?
27BCE
Date: First settlement
When Octavian relinquished all unconstitutional powers
What was the First Settlement?
Octavian from a military leader to a peacetime politician
What change did the First Settlement bring to Octavian's image?
Aureus, obv. head of Octavian, rev. Octavian seated on bench holding scroll
What source demonstrates the change in Octavian's public image after the First Settlement?
he lost barely any power and could direct the senate without criticism
How did the First Settlement benefit Octavian?
the civic crown, control of Spain, Gaul, Egypt and Syria, control of the grain supply, title of princeps, the Clipeus Virtutis, the name Augustus
What did the Senate grant Octavian in the First Settlement?
his 4 cardinal virtues: virtus, clementia, iustitia and pietas
What was engraved on the Clipeus Virtutis, the shield commissioned for Augustus after the First Settlement?
27BCE
Date: Seventh consulship, Agrippa's third
26BCE
Date: Eighth consulship
25BCE
Date: Ninth consulship
25BCE
Date: Gates of the Temple of Janus closed for the second time
24BCE
Date: Tenth conulship
23BCE
Date: Eleventh consulship
23BCE
Date: Second Settlement
22BCE
Date: Rioting and refused offer of dictatorship
21BCE
Date: Agrippa and Julia the Elder forced to marry by Augustus
20BCE
Date: Peace with Parthia and return of standards
Tiberius
Who was sent to retrieve the standards?
Parthia not made to pay for their actions and allowed to remained as an independent empire
Why might Romans be unhappy about the peaceful return of the standards?
Note 
Flashcards (25)