Intro to anatomy

What are directional terms?

they are used to explain precise location of body structure in relation to another body structure

proximal

closer to attachment point

distal

further away from attachment point

terms paired with their opposite

superior/inferior

anterior/posterior

medial/lateral

superficial/deep

rostral/caudal

What is compact bone?

dense outer layer of bone

organized w osteons

where is spongy bone found?

within flat bones and within the epiphyses of long bones

how is spongy bone organized?

with trabeculae (little “beams” of bone)

where is red bone marrow found?

within trabeculae of spongy bone

What is the outermost layer of tissue on bones?

periosteum

What is the job of the periosteum?

to be able to anchor tendons and ligaments

Intramembranous ossification (direct type)

occurs at 5-6 gestation, where mesenchyme forms fibrous connective tissue membrane around brain and where mandible+ clavicles will be

sequence of the cells from beginning to end

mesenchymal

osteochondral progenitor

osteoblasts

What do osteoblasts due during intramembranous ossification?

they produce “matrix” (bone), then mature into osteocytes due to O2 decrease

the previous action only happens where?

in the flat bones of the skull, mandible and clavicle

Endochondral ossification(indirect) happens to which bones

ALL OTHER BONES besides mandible, skull and clavicle flat bones

where is endochondral ossification modeled?

in hyaline cartilage

How is hyaline cartilage model formed?

mesenchymal cells

stem cells

chondroblasts

hyaline cartilage model: what happens to the chondroblasts?

they become surrounded by cartilage matrix, decrease in O2 nd differentiate into chondrocytes

hyaline cartilage model: what happens after differentiation into chondrocytes?

chondrocytes will maintain the complex shape, that will later develop into the bone