Psych last minute study

Somatic nervous system

Carries sensory information and controls movement of the skeletal muscles

Autonomic nervous system

Automatically regulates glands

Medulla

Part of the hindbrain that controls heartbeat

Somatosensory cortex

Area of cortex at the front of the parietal lobes responsible for processing information from the skin and internal body receptors for touch

Thalamus

Part of the forebrain that relays information from sensory organs to the cerebral cortex.

Cingulate Cortex

Primary cortical component of the limbic system

Hypothalamus

Part of the forebrain that regulates the amount of fear

Amygdala

Influences our motivation

Hippocampus

Plays a role in our learning

Consciousness

A person’s awareness of everything that is going on around him or her at any given time

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

Internal clock of people that tells them to wake up or sleep.

Beta waves

Smaller and faster brain waves

Alpha waves

Brain waves that indicate a state of relaxation or light sleep.

Theta waves

Brain waves indicating the early stages of sleep.

Delta waves

Long

Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis

A premise that states that dreams are created by the higher centers of the cortex to explain the activation by the brain stem of cortical cells during REM sleep periods.

Activation-Information-Mode Model (AIM)

A revised version of the activation-synthesis explanation of dreams in which information that is accessed during waking hours can have an influence on the synthesis of dreams.

Hypnosis can: Create amnesia for whatever happens during the hypnotic session

at least for a brief time; Relieve pain by allowing a person to remove conscious attention from the pain; Alter sensory perceptions such as smell

Hypnosis cannot: Give people superhuman strength under hypnosis

does not actually enhance their strength beyond their normal capabilities; While hypnosis may enhance memory

Classical Conditioning: A type of learning where an organism associates a neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus to elicit a response; Example

Pavlov's dogs salivating at the sound of a bell because they were conditioned to associate the bell with food.

Operant Conditioning: A type of learning where behavior is strengthened or weakened by the consequences that follow it; Example

A rat pressing a lever to receive a food reward

Stimulus Generalization

The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response.

Stimulus Discrimination

The tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

Extinction

The disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) or the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning).

Spontaneous Recovery

The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred.

Shaping

The reinforcement of simple steps in behavior through successive approximations that lead to a desired

Law of Effect

Law stating that if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence

Positive Reinforcement

Adds something good so action is repeated.

Negative Reinforcement

Removes something bad so something is repeated.

Positive Punishment

Adds something bad so the action is not done again.

Negative Punishment

Removes something good so action is not done again.

Albert Bandura’s Bobo Doll: Albert Bandura's Bobo Doll experiment was conducted in 1961; The study aimed to investigate the role of observational learning and aggression in children; Children were exposed to a video of an adult model behaving aggressively towards a Bobo doll; Children who witnessed the aggressive behavior were more likely to imitate it; The study provided evidence for the social learning theory and emphasized the importance of observational learning in shaping behavior.

Albert Bondura

Retrograde Amnesia: Inability to recall past memories or events that occurred before the onset of amnesia; Temporal Aspect

Typically affects memories formed before the brain injury or trauma; Selective Impact

Anterograde Amnesia: Difficulty forming new memories or retaining information after the onset of amnesia; Temporal Aspect

Primarily impacts the ability to create and store new memories; Impaired Learning

Memory is an active system that receives information from the senses

puts that information into a usable form

Encoding

is the set of mental operations that people perform on sensory information to convert it into a form usable in the brain's storage systems.

Storage

refers to holding on to information for some period of time.

Retrieval

is the process of getting information that is in storage into a form that can be used.

Information-processing model

is a model of memory that assumes the processing of information for memory storage is similar to the way a computer processes memory in a series of three stages.

Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP) Model

A model of memory in which memory processes are proposed to take place at the same time over a large network of neural connections.

Levels-of-Processing Model

Model of memory that assumes information that is more “deeply processed

Maintenance Rehearsal

Practice of saying some information to be remembered over and over in one’s head in order to maintain it in short-term memory.

Elaborative Rehearsal

A way of increasing the number of retrieval cues for information by connecting new information with something that is already well known.

Nondeclarative (Implicit) Memory

Type of long-term memory

Certainly

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