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Somatic nervous system
Carries sensory information and controls movement of the skeletal muscles
Autonomic nervous system
Automatically regulates glands
Medulla
Part of the hindbrain that controls heartbeat
Somatosensory cortex
Area of cortex at the front of the parietal lobes responsible for processing information from the skin and internal body receptors for touch
Thalamus
Part of the forebrain that relays information from sensory organs to the cerebral cortex.
Cingulate Cortex
Primary cortical component of the limbic system
Hypothalamus
Part of the forebrain that regulates the amount of fear
Amygdala
Influences our motivation
Hippocampus
Plays a role in our learning
Consciousness
A person’s awareness of everything that is going on around him or her at any given time
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
Internal clock of people that tells them to wake up or sleep.
Beta waves
Smaller and faster brain waves
Alpha waves
Brain waves that indicate a state of relaxation or light sleep.
Theta waves
Brain waves indicating the early stages of sleep.
Delta waves
Long
Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis
A premise that states that dreams are created by the higher centers of the cortex to explain the activation by the brain stem of cortical cells during REM sleep periods.
Activation-Information-Mode Model (AIM)
A revised version of the activation-synthesis explanation of dreams in which information that is accessed during waking hours can have an influence on the synthesis of dreams.
Hypnosis can: Create amnesia for whatever happens during the hypnotic session
at least for a brief time; Relieve pain by allowing a person to remove conscious attention from the pain; Alter sensory perceptions such as smell
Hypnosis cannot: Give people superhuman strength under hypnosis
does not actually enhance their strength beyond their normal capabilities; While hypnosis may enhance memory
Classical Conditioning: A type of learning where an organism associates a neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus to elicit a response; Example
Pavlov's dogs salivating at the sound of a bell because they were conditioned to associate the bell with food.
Operant Conditioning: A type of learning where behavior is strengthened or weakened by the consequences that follow it; Example
A rat pressing a lever to receive a food reward
Stimulus Generalization
The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response.
Stimulus Discrimination
The tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus.
Extinction
The disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) or the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning).
Spontaneous Recovery
The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred.
Shaping
The reinforcement of simple steps in behavior through successive approximations that lead to a desired
Law of Effect
Law stating that if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence
Positive Reinforcement
Adds something good so action is repeated.
Negative Reinforcement
Removes something bad so something is repeated.
Positive Punishment
Adds something bad so the action is not done again.
Negative Punishment
Removes something good so action is not done again.
Albert Bandura’s Bobo Doll: Albert Bandura's Bobo Doll experiment was conducted in 1961; The study aimed to investigate the role of observational learning and aggression in children; Children were exposed to a video of an adult model behaving aggressively towards a Bobo doll; Children who witnessed the aggressive behavior were more likely to imitate it; The study provided evidence for the social learning theory and emphasized the importance of observational learning in shaping behavior.
Albert Bondura
Retrograde Amnesia: Inability to recall past memories or events that occurred before the onset of amnesia; Temporal Aspect
Typically affects memories formed before the brain injury or trauma; Selective Impact
Anterograde Amnesia: Difficulty forming new memories or retaining information after the onset of amnesia; Temporal Aspect
Primarily impacts the ability to create and store new memories; Impaired Learning
Memory is an active system that receives information from the senses
puts that information into a usable form
Encoding
is the set of mental operations that people perform on sensory information to convert it into a form usable in the brain's storage systems.
Storage
refers to holding on to information for some period of time.
Retrieval
is the process of getting information that is in storage into a form that can be used.
Information-processing model
is a model of memory that assumes the processing of information for memory storage is similar to the way a computer processes memory in a series of three stages.
Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP) Model
A model of memory in which memory processes are proposed to take place at the same time over a large network of neural connections.
Levels-of-Processing Model
Model of memory that assumes information that is more “deeply processed
Maintenance Rehearsal
Practice of saying some information to be remembered over and over in one’s head in order to maintain it in short-term memory.
Elaborative Rehearsal
A way of increasing the number of retrieval cues for information by connecting new information with something that is already well known.
Nondeclarative (Implicit) Memory
Type of long-term memory
Certainly
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