A-Z NAVLE Study Guide part 3

What type of virus causes Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA), and what are its transmission routes?

Togavirus, transmitted via respiratory and venereal routes

List the clinical findings associated with EVA?

• Acute severe infection of upper respiratory tract

• Vasculitis causing limb and ventral edema

• Abortion of partially autolyzed fetuses

• Chemosis

• Blepharospasm

• Profuse discharge

What is the causative bacterium for Erysipelas?

Ersipelothrix rhusiopathiae

Where is Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae commonly found in the environment?

Found in water, soil, decaying material, slime on fish

How does Erysipelas manifest in swine?

Erysipelas

How does Erysipelas manifest in sheep?

Nonsuppurative arthritis (lambs), post dipping lameness (sheep)

How does Erysipelas manifest in turkeys/ducks?

Acute septicemia

What is the specific human manifestation of Erysipelas, and how does it differ from a common Streptococcus infection in humans?

Localized termed erysipeloid

Describe CS of erysipelas in growing pigs

• Acute septicemia, skin form, chronic arthritis and joint effusion

• Vegetative endocarditis, death, high fever, walk on toes

• Skin discoloration w/ erythema, diamond-shaped lesions

• Enlarged LN, spleen, edematous and congested lungs

How is Erysipelas diagnosed?

Response to penicillin treatment w/in 24 hr, diamond shaped lesions, necropsy

What are the key strategies for prevention and treatment of Erysipelas in animals?

Immunization, antiserum, penicillin, eliminate carriers, good sanitation, regular vaccination

What is the presumed cause of Erythema Multiforme, and what is the likely underlying immune mechanism?

Unknown cause, likely immune complex

Describe characteristic appearance, progression, and location of skin lesions in erythema multiforme (EM)?

Erythematous papules on skin of abdomen that expand peripherally leading to development of annular lesions w/ normal centers

In which species does EM occur?

Pigs and other species

What is the treatment for EM?

Prednisone

How is Toxic Epidermal Necrosis related to Erythema Multiforme?

Severe whole body EM

What are the two primary manifestations of E. coli in cattle?

• Young cattle → Diarrhea/dysentery

• Older cattle → Mastitis

Describe the specific syndrome caused by E. coli in young calves, including age group affected

Enterotoxigenic colibacillosis in 4-7 day old

How can E. coli calf infection be prevented?

K99 antigen vaccine

What is the recommended treatment principle for esophageal strictures?

Balloon, do not cut

What diagnostic method can visualize esophageal tumors?

Rads w/ mass in chest at proper region could be esophagus

Name 3 types of esophageal tumors

1. Fibrosarcoma

2. Leiomyoma

3. Carcinoma

For esophageal fibrosarcoma, what specific parasite is associated w/ its development?

Spirocerca lupi

What is the typical location and prognosis for leiomyoma of the esophagus?

Location: Lower esophageal especially in beagles

Prognosis: Treatable

What are the common cause of esophagitis?

• Post anesthesia due to gastroesphageal reflux

• Tetracyclines

• Disinfectants

What is the purpose of estrogen therapy in canines?

Mismating in canines

List the sig. side effects associated with estrogen therapy?

• Bone marrow toxicity (aplastic anemia)

• 30% increased chance of uterine infection

• Longer heat

How does timing of estrogen treatment relate to its success rate?

Directly related to time between mating and onset of treatment

What are characteristic epistaxis and presentation associated with Ethmoid Hematoma?

Not exercise induced, unilateral epistaxis, usually in middle aged horses

Describe the diagnostic approach for Ethmoid Hematoma?

Endoscopy, repaired w/ sinus flap

Outline both older and more contemporary treatment methods for Ethmoid Hematoma?

Injection w/ 10% or ND:YAG laser to burn off

What is the primary differential diagnosis for Ethmoid Hematoma?

Guttural pouch mycosis

From what specific lung region dose bleeding occur in EIPH?

Caudodorsal lung field as a consequence of exercise

Beyond epistaxis, what other CS might indicated EIPH?

• Gurgling

• Swallowing

• Exercise intolerance

What is the definitive diagnostic method for EIPH, and what specific cellular finding on a TBAsp would support diagnosis?

Endoscopy, TBAsp→ Hemosiderin-laden macrophages

Is there is a recommended treatment for EIPH?

No treatment

What are the common names for Exertional Rhabdomyolysis Syndrome? What horses are most commonly affected?

• Monday morning disease

• Most common in horses affecting all breeds, >2 yo

Describe the spectrum of CS with Exertional Rhabdomyolysis

• Stiffness and gait alterations

• Severe cramping

• Immobility, profuse sweating

• Firm muscle groups

• Myoglobinuria if severe

What diagnostic parameters are used to diagnose Exertional Rhabdomyolysis?

• CS

• Increased CPK and AST

• Mild metabolic alkalosis (NOT lactic acidosis)

• Decreased Cl- and calcium

• Decreased fractional exertion of K+

• Myoglobinuria

What is the primary treatment for acute episode of Exertional Rhabdomyolysis?

REST, supportive

What medications are used for chronic management of Exertional Rhabdomyolysis?

Phenyotoin

What medication is used for prevention of Exertional Rhabdomyolysis?

Dantrolene sodiu

What is the direct cause of Fibrotic myopathy in horses, and which muscles are typically involved?

Trauma to semimembranous or semitendinosus m.

Describe the pathological findings with fibrotic myopathy?

Thick tissue band that needs to be transected

What are the characteristic lesions for Feline Acne?

Blackheads around skin of lips and chin

When is treatment for Feline Acne generally necessary?

No treatment, unless it progresses to furunculosis

Describe the bilateral symmetrical pattern and signalment seen in Feline Endocrine Alopecia?

Bilateral symmetrical hair loss on the posterior abdomen, inner thighs, perineum of male neutered cats

What is the suspected underlying cause of Feline Endocrine alopecia?

Sex hormone deficiency suspected

What type if virus is FIV, and what is the nature of the infection it causes?

Lentivirus causes lifelong infection

What is the primary transmission for FIV?

Through cat bite

How contagious is FIV w/in a household of non-fighting casts?

Will not disseminate through a household of cats if they do not fight

Discuss the general prognosis and longevity for many FIV-positive cats

Asymptomatic and many do not die or FIV-related changes

What is the standard diagnostic test for FIV?

ELISA

What is the causative agent of FIP?

Coronavirus

What is the environmental stability and susceptibility to disinfectants of coronavirus?

Remain infectious in environment up to 6 weeks but easily killed by disinfectants

How does Coronavirus spread among cats?

Spread in secretions and excretions

List the risk factors for developing FIP

• Population density

• Amount of shedding

• Persians and Birmans predisposed

• Feline Enteric Corona virus, FeLV, and concurrent disease

What does not increase the risk for FIP?

Steroids

Explain the relationship between Feline Enteric Coronavirus (FECV) and FIP

FECV mutates to FIP

Describe the biphasic age distribution of FIP

<6-12 weeks or >13 yo

Differentiate between CS of effusive and noneffusive FIP

• Effusive → Fluctuating, Antibody responsive fever, lethargy, anorexia, WL, ascites, pleural fluid, pericardial and scrotal fluid, fluid accumulate rarely

• Noneffusive → Same but instead of fluid accumulation, have pyogranulomatous reaction causing local tissue necrosis and decreased organ function

What are the characteristic lab and fluid analysis findings for FIP?

• Hyperproteinemia

• Kidney/liver abnormal

• Hyperglobinemia and thrombocytopenia

• Keratic ppts in eyes

• Ascites fluid in thick, straw colored

• Pyogranulomatous nonseptic exudate w/ moderate cellularity and high protein levels

• Eosinophilic stippied antibodies

Why are FECV serology and FIP serology considered no helpful in diagnosing FIP?

Antibody tests cross reacts w/ enteric coronavirus antibody

What is the current general approach to treatment for FIP?

Suppressing immune complex (Pred, cyclophosphamide, broad spec AB)

What is the primary method of prevention for FIP?

Environmental

Should you vaccinate FIP cat?

No

What is the specific bacterial agent agent responsible for feline leprosy?

Mycobacterium lepraemurium

Describe the typical lesions in Feline Miliary Dermatitis

A papular, crusting skin disease located predominantly on the back w/ varying degrees of pruritis

List underlying causes for Feline Miliary Dermatitis

Ectoparasites, food allergy, drug allergy, fungal or bacterial infection, feline flea allergy

What type of virus causes feline panleukopenia?

Distemper

To which canine disease is feline panleukopenia compared to?

Similar to canine parvo

What specific neurological developmental abnormality does feline panleukopenia cause?

Cerebellar hypoplasia

How is feline panleukopenia prevented?

Vaccine

What are the common CS that characterizes Feline Respiratory Disease complex?

Rhinitis, conjunctivitis, lacrimation, salivation, and oral ulceration

ID the primary viral causes of Feline Respiratory Disease complex?

Feline viral rhinotraheitis herpes (40-45%) and feline calicivirus (40-45%)

List unique CS, affected anatomical regions and characteristic microscopic findings for Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis?

• Fever, sneezing, conjunctivitis, salivation

• Ulcerative stomatitis, keratitis affecting conjunctiva and nasal passages

• Intranuclear inclusion bodies

How are corneal ulcers associated with herpesvirus treated?

Topical acyclovir

For feline calicivirus, what are its distinguishing CS?

Ulceration of oral mucosa, serous rhinitis, conjunctivitis or oral mucosa and lower respiratory tract

For feline pneumonitis (chlamydia), what is its hallmark CS, a characteristic microscopic findings, and its primary treatment?

Intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies, chronic low grade conjunctivitis. Treat w/ tetracycline

For Feline Mycoplasma, What are its common CS and a diagnostic microscopic finding?

Conjunctivitis, rhinitis, extracellular coccoid bodies on conjunctival epithelial cells

List some common causes of feline stomatitis

Feline, herpes, calcivirus, FeLV, FIV

What type of virus is FeLV, and what are the main categories that compose the virus?

Retrovirus w/ a variety of proteins which have different biologic functions, envelope, and core proteins

What specific FeLV protein is crucial for diagnostic tests?

p27

What is the stability of FeLV in the environment?

Is very labiale and is destroyed in environment w/in minutes

Describe the most common modes of transmission for FeLV

Contact w/ body fluids is most common way

Explain the different outcomes for cats exposed to FeLV

• 1/3 of cats exposed become persistently infected

• 2/3 of cats resist development of persistent viremia

• 1/3 of transiently infected become latently infected

Compare and contrast IFA and ELISA test for FeLV

• IFA detects cell-associated viremia

• ELISA detects serum-associated viremia

What follow-up action is recommended for a cat with an initial FeLV positive ELISA result?

Should be retested 6 weeks later for seroconversion

List the four basic syndromes that encompass Feline Urologic Syndrome (FUS)

Urinary obstructions, urolithiasis, UTI, and abnormal microurita

What are the typical underlying cause of Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency (EPI)?

Malabsorptive syndrome due to pancreatic atrophy

What breeds is most commonly affected by EPI?

Collies and GSD

Describe the CS of EPI

Chronic SI diarrhea, ravenous appetite, WL

What common concurrent condition is often seen with EPI?

Concurrent bacterial overgrowth

What is the definitive diagnostic test for EPI?

Test with TLI (check any any dog w/ non PLE SI diarrhea

What important considerations should be made if EPI dog does not respond to enzyme replacement therapy?

Never eliminate EPI based upon failure to respond to replacement enzyme therapy

What initiates GDV, and what is considered the most probable sources of accumulating gas?

Emergency, initiated by accumulation of gas

Explain the relationship between gastric dilation and volvulus

Dilation precedes volvulus

Describe the most common direction of stomach rotation in GDV when viewed from a dorsal recumbent position

Clockwise

Detail the cascade of pathophysiological effects resulting from GDV

Displacement of pylorus from R abdominal wall → Toward ventral midline → Passing over gastric fundus and body to L abdominal wall → Compression of posterior vena cava/portal v. → sequestration of blood