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185 Terms
Rostow’s Model
Stage 1: traditional society (focused on agriculture, traditional norms, owning land is the best)
Stage 2: preconditions to take off (shift to industrial, more jobs go to manufacturing, increase yields, more infrastructure)
State 3: takeoff (fully manufactured, good yields, increased urbanization, tech advances)
Stage 4: drive to maturity (high mass consumption, self sustained growth, maximum effectiveness)
Stage 5: age of high mass consumption (problems with consumption, trade expands, service sector)
What is a secular religion?
A secular religion refers to a belief system or ideology that offers a set of values, practices, and commitments similar to those found in traditional religions, but without a religious or theistic framework. Such systems can include ideologies like nationalism, environmentalism, or humanism, which provide a sense of community, moral guidance, and identity without reliance on
What are the limitations of the model?
doesn’t take into account how countries are interconnected
Assumes core countries have peripheries to take advantage of
Doesn’t consider uneven development due to factors like colonialism
Assumes everyone wants to be capitalist
Differs by region
Assumes everyone goes through the stages equally
Wallerstiens Theory!
Think of it like Mean girls:
Core: Regina, exporting luxury goods and services and taking advantage of everyone else
Semi periphery: Gretchen, she has some power and exports manufactured goods
Periphery: Karen, stuck with producing raw materials and gets exploited
What are the limitations of the Wallerstein’s Theory?
It doesn’t explain how the mean girls changed roles, the theory doesn’t explain how to improve a country’s status. It is too focused on economics
Mean girls is a classic but it’s not the real world- the theory is good historically but doesn’t apply to the modern time
What is the dependency theory?
Core countries are reliant on periphery countries for cheap labor and raw materials, periphery countries are dependent on core countries for money (relationships of poor countries with rich countries)
What is the commodity theory?
That a country relies solely on one good, specially a raw material, for its economy. This is basically neocolonial relationships and can lead to political instability over who controls the good and economic crash if there is less demand for the good globally
Where was the hearth of industrialization?
It started in England and spread through expansion and relocation diffusion everywhere else
What were the effects of industrialization?
Mass producing lead to more efficiency lead to a cheaper price lead to more consumers
Transportation allowed food to get everywhere leading to a surplus leading to population increase
Farmers would have rural to urban migration because they would go to the city in search of jobs because of mechanization
Increase in colonialism because countries wanted raw goods
How is the quinary sector different from the quaternary sector?
The quinary sector deals with the leaders and top information specialists while the quaternary sector deals with the storage collection and manipulation of data
What are the four components of HDI?
Literacy rates, life expectancy, years of schooling, and GDP
What are the three components to the GII?
Empowerment, labor market participation, reproductive rights
What is special about the comparative and complementary advantage?
Comparative is when the lower opportunity cost is better (the less bad)
Complementary is when both countries benefit and help each other in what the other needs (ENGLAND AND PORTUGAL)
How do government initiatives effect economic development?
Subsides to encourage the production of a certain good (US government is obsessed with corn)
TOURISM 🙏🙏🙏
CONCENTRATE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT LEADING TO INSULA DEVELOPMENT 🤬
Tariffs on other countries to increase domestic production (trumpy’s toxic relationship with china)
They can favor some regions over others with can lead to uneven development
What are EPZ AND SEZ? (bonus: what is a free trade zone?)
EPZ: export processing zones! Increasing site and situation factors so people want to produce goods there and make the country MONEY. mainly done by periphery or semi periphery - again references to the international division of labor, create jobs for these countries + fuel deindustrialization for core countries)
SEZ: special economic zones - no tax regulations and less strict factory regulations (get ready with me to attract foreign business)
Free trade zone: no import or export taxes between a group of countries (EU)
What is outsourcing?
thinking of it in terms of globalization, so basically since there is the new international division of labor, jobs get moved from core countries to peripheries because of factors like cheap labor or prefered skill (think customer service in India). Now this is good for companies cause they can profit, but it also takes jobs away from Americans (RUST BELT REPRESENT THE MIDWEST, USED TO BE LEADER IN MANUFACTURING BUT NOW IT IS JOBLESS BEHAVIOR)
what is the difference between post-fordist production and just in time production?
Post-Fordist production emphasizes flexibility and customization in manufacturing FLEXIBLE PRODUCTION (ford = flex), while just-in-time production focuses on minimizing inventory and producing goods only as needed to reduce waste.
What is agglomeration (bonus: what theory mentions it?)
Agglomeration is the buddy system of businesses because they have advantages clustering together (eg buyers can visit multiple suppliers in one go). Weber’s Least Cost theory states that companies pick their location based on labor, transportation, and agglomeration benefits.
What are growth poles?
attractive centers that attract certain businesses or people who wants to be associated with them (engineering and design firms opening near a uni)
WHAT ARE THE FREAKING FREAKING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS GIRL PLEASE
WHAT DO THEY TALK ABOUT? CLIMATE CHANGE, MASS CONSUMPTION, POLLUTION, RESOURCE DEPLETION!
WHO ARE THEY FOR? EVERYONE
WHAT ARE THE GOALS?
NO POVERTY
NO HUNGER
GOOD HEALTH/WELL BEING
QUALITY EDUCATION
GENDER EQUALITY
CLEAN WATER/SANITATION
CLEAN/AFFORDABLE ENERGY
ECONOMIC GROWTH
INDUSTRY, INNOVATION, INFRASTRUCUTRE
REDUCE INEQUALITY
SUSTAINABLE CITIES
RESPONSIBLE PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION
CLIMATE CHANGE
OCEAN FRIENDS
JUSTICE INSTITUTIONS
PARTNERSHIPS!
IT’S ECOTOURISM, APHUG SCHOLAR
WHAT? tourism based on sustainability and appreciation of nature (basically granola hotels and moms)
WHERE? PERIPHERY AND SEMI PERIPHERY
HOW? it has opened up many jobs for locals, not a living wage though, but it also can have negative effects on the environment because of increased human interaction
what are site factors for a city?
LAND, LABOR, CAPITAL!!!
refers to the physical attributes of a place
eg having a river for transportation
what are situation factors for a city?
in relation to other places, Chicago grew because it was a railroad hub, and they are still important today because it is an interstate highway hub
how do changes in transportation + communication, population growth, migration, economic development, and government policies influence urbanization?
transportation + communication: more connectedness means that people to move great distances at a lower cost and changes in communication allow for better chain migration
population growth: an increase in industrialization leads to a stable food source meaning the population grows.
migration: this can be intra or interregional.with rural to urban migration especially for farmers because of the increase in mechanization, they look for jobs in the cities
economic development: cities switching from secondary to tertiary or primary to secondary
government policies: ZONING LAWS
what are megacities and metacities?
megacities have 10 million people while metacities have 20 million people
most megacities are in periphery countries because of the increase in industrialization leading to higher birth rates and migration
most of them can also have squatter settlements because of uneven development
what are the causes and effects of suburbanization?
causes: lifestyle is better for families, cheaper housing so bigger space, work from home technologies, cheaper than the cities, economic opportunity from edge cites, or centers of economic activity separate from the CBD, they mostly have office spaces and commercial buildings (malls!)
effects: suburbs lead to an increase use for cars because of lack of public transportation, more energy consumption, air and water quality is bad, more traffic cause of cars, exceeding existing housing and farming on arable land (inefficient use of land), wasting good soil, and lack of community, they can also create exburbs, or communities located even further away from the central city than the suburbs and bommburbs which are rapidly growing and again can surpass the resources they have
tell me about world cities?
World cities are dominant in terms of their roles in the global political economy, they do not have to be the most populated
they are nodes connected to other cities
they spread ideas and technology through hierarchical diffusion
they are the trend setters of diffusion and culture
attract investment to their own country
* think New York, London, Tokyo, Paris, etc
how are we connected globally?
transportation!! think time space compression
the global economy (domino effect, one falls we all fall)
social media! trends are diffused
government (supranational organizations)
BONUS: because technology has had so many advancements, we are connected on a much large scale and have started to grow homogenous traits because of the instant spread of communication
What is the difference between a rank size city and a primate city?
rank size: the nth country will be 1/n of the population of the largest country
primate city: extremely large in comparison to every other country leading to uneven development and overly reliant on said country
what is the central place theory?
deals with the geographic location of different sized cities or smaller central places!
the central place would be the largest city that provides the greatest function to most of the region
there are smaller towns accounting for smaller populations because they have less resources and less specialization
used to be circles but now hexagons
range: distance people are willing to travel for a good/service
threshold:the minimum market size required to support a business or service.
this model is only applicable when the assumptions are met!
what does the central place theory assume?
land is flat
uniform access to transportation
good or service can be sold in any direction as long as it is profitable
all central places are evenly spaced out and they all have a hinterland that is exclusive to the central place
what is the gravity model and what are its limitations?
gravity model: interaction between two places depends on the population size and the distance between the two places
helps us understand how the size and spatial distribution of the cities impact trade, migration, business, and life
limited: suggests that migration potential can be calculated by multiplying the population of the two places and dividing it by the distance between them, migration has an actual personality
what are the key traits of postindustrial cities?
available office space, technological infrastructure, sequent occupance with gentrification, density (cities are dense suburbs are not)
what is the time line of consumerism?
normal shops to malls to big box warehouses like Costco
why do we need infrastrucutre?
they affect patterns of socio-economic development that include access to the wifi/internet, transportation methods, and available office space
social development, parks, health care, community centers, public spaces
INTERNET!
What is New Urbanism and the tiny terms around it?
New Urbanism: an attempt to make greener, more walkable, and sustainble city centers to halt urban sprawl, trying to get the most out of land
What does this look like?
mixed use development for zoning and more walkability and transportation and diverse housing options
gentrification of low income neighborhoods
greenbelts - ring of land like parks to limit sprawl
slow growth cities - decreasing the rate at which the city grows horizontally to avoid sprawl
sustainable design initiatives to help improve a community by reducing the negative impacts on the environment (conserve water, enchange environment, etc)
what is redlining?
Redlining is when members of a ministry group are not given home loans to purchase property or homes in white neighborhoods
What are the effects of redlining?
many people not to be able to have equity in their own homes
denying them ownership of their house while having contracts that make them pay twice as much as the house is worth!
all of their money going towards the contract holders and since the residents of the household didn’t have equity in their homes
there was no sense of community which is a major social problem and the neighborhoods have less investment so they deteriorate
what are food deserts?
Not only is the purchasing and affordability of a house a problem, but the access to food stores and public services is alarming as well. Areas known as food deserts occur profusely in areas such as Chicago which even though is improving still has a ways to go before all neighborhoods have access to fresh fruits and vegetables. Food deserts sparks problem of families not being able to properly nourish themselves leading to malnutrition and other health conditions. Disamenity zones along with zones of abandonment are areas that have little to no maintenance and have a drastic effect on the areas around them disincentivizing business or areas to move where disamenity zones and abandoned areas are located.
what is gentrification (add on later)
Gentrification has a huge impact both economically and socially in an area. Gentrification is the “rehabilitation of deteriorated, often abandoned, housing of low-income inner-city residents” (G-4). The main economic impact of gentrification is the prices of housing in the area skyrocketing and the main social impact of gentrification is a substantial loss of diversity within a community. PRIVATE THING NOT GOVERNMENT
what is blockbusting?
Blockbusting is a tactics used by real estate developers to scare a neighborhood, in most cases a white neighborhood, to sell their homes quickly because a minority group is moving in. This panic sale usually results in selling the property for a lower price than the house is worth. The real estate developers then sell the property at a higher price.
what are squatter settlements
Squatter settlements are residential areas in an urban area inhabited by the very poor who have no access to tenured land of their own, and hence "squat" on vacant land, either private or public. The largest squatter settlements are typically found in periphery and semiperiphery countries. These settlements have grown in recent decades primarily due to rural to urban migration patterns based on economic pull factors of cities and lack of available housing. Squatter settlements are constructed out of available materials and often rely on informal economic activities. They are typically found on the periphery/edge of a city, the exception being North American cities where they would be found in the interior of a city. Effects of squatter settlements include political unrest, availability of cheap labor, pollution, and a strain on existing infrastructure and resources.
what are the impacts of gentrification? good and bad
The positive effects of gentrification include increased land values, increased jobs for construction projects, increase in property taxes collected, improvement of buildings and infrastructure, and increased business development.
The negative effects of gentrification include displacement of long term residents due to rising property values, closing of businesses that catered to older residents, social tension, loss of neighborhood identity/changing cultural landscape, and a decrease in affordable housing.
What does a state have?
Defined boarders
Sovereign government recognized internationally
A permanent population
Not controlled by anyone else
What is a nation?
A group of people who think themselves as one based on a sense of shared culture and history- they seek political-territorial authority
What is a nation state?
Politically Organized area where a nation and a state are in the same territory (very few states are nation states and it can lead to suppression of minorities)
What is a stateless nation?
A nation that does not have a state, they happen due to lack of fit or displacement (the Kurds)
What is a multinational state?
A state with more than one nation within its borders, almost every state in the world is a multinational state
What is a multi state nation?
A nation that stretches across borders and across states
what’s the difference between a semi autonomous region and an autonomous region?
Autonomous regions are places that are granted some authority over themselves but semi autonomous regions are regions with some degree of independence, both of them are not a self governing state but they are given the freedom to act like a state economically, politically, and socially.
What was the Berlin Conference?
A meeting where colonizing parties met to lay out boarders for Africa without reference to indigenous cultural or political arrangements (SUPERIMPOSED BOARDERS)
What factors have influenced political boarders?
Colonialism: Berlin conference
Imperialism: England empire made international state system and influenced economic relationships
Independence Movements: establishing new countries with new borders (decolonization)
Devolution: forces can cause internal division economically and ethnically (example Spain’s Catalonia who wants independence because they pay more in the government) distance can also be a factor of devolution
What is neocolonialism?
The continuation of colonial order (trade and investment) in the modern world - allows cores to control poorer countries because having political power gives you power at a national scale (happens in Africa)
What is a shatter belt?
A regional caught between powerful forces whose boundaries are continually redefined and are usually stuck between two world powers (European states after the Soviet Union) LOCAL SCALE
What is a choke point?
A narrow passage like a strait, through which shipping must pass, being control of the choke point can give a country or a group of countries a lot of power (the strait of Hormuz)
What can be problematic about choke point?
One country having all the power over it can be dangerous because if there is an attack on say an oil ship, oil prices will increase everywhere without the supply
What is territoriality?
The process by which states and territories can come into being (different scales) - the attempt to affect, influence, or control people, phenomena, relationships by asserting control over an area
What is a relic boundary?
A border that has ceased to function but whose imprints are still evident on the cultural landscape (boarder between south and north Vietnam)
What is a superimposed boundary?
A border forcibly drawn by outsiders without reference to cultural patterns, eg between Indonesia’s West Irian and Papua New Guinea
What is a subsequent boundary?
A boundary that evolved as the cultural landscape that takes shape, the border between china and Vietnam which reflects adjustment and modification SUBSEQUENT THINK AFTER
What is an antecedent boundary?
A boundary that predates the development of a large scale politically organized communities, eg the boundary between Malaysia and Indonesia
What is a geometric boundary?
When boundaries are drawn using grid systems such as latitude and longitude or township and range instead of curving broader to fit the landscape, an example are most states in the US
What is a consequent boundary?
They are drawn in order to separate groups based on ethnic, linguistic, religious or economic differences, such as the India Pakistan borders CONSEQUENT THINK CONSEQUENCE
What is a defined border?
Legal description of a boundary
What is a delimited boundary?
Translation of the written term of a boundary treaty into an official representation
What is a demarcated boundary?
When the boundary is marked by fences walls or barriers
What is an allocational boundary dispute?
A dispute over resources mostly in international boarders
What’s an operational border dispute?
Dispute over opinions on the way the border should function (eg cross border migration)
What is a locational border dispute?
Center on the delimitation and possibly the demarcation of a boundary- dispute of interpretation
What is a definitional border dispute?
A dispute in the legal language of the border agreement (water level border)
What is the EEZ?
Exclusive economic zone, grants state the country of the extraction and the development of reasource and it is up to 209 miles from the baseline
What is the territorial zone?
12 nautical miles from baseline of a country
What is the contiguous zone?
24 miles from the baseline which a state can still enforce laws in immigration , customs, taxation, and pollution
What is redistricting?
When a state redraws its congressional districts in order to divide the population evenly between each district, happens 10 years with census data
What is gerrymandering?
Allowing parties to skew election AP results by shifting lines and borders of electoral districts
What is packing and cracking?
Packing is putting all of the minority in one district and cracking is spreading them out so they are outvoted
What is a unitary state?
A national state that has centralized government and administration that exercises power equally over all parts of the state, can benefit from nationalism and territoriality and the power of the government is distributed equally and doesn’t need a middle man
What is a federal state?
Political-territorial system where a central government represents different regions within the nation - these regions have their own identity, laws, polices, and customs. The benefit is that regions have more control over policies and funding which provides minority representation and better access to resources
What are the limitations of a unitary state?
They do not seek to accommodate minorities in a state
Uneven development for regions further away from the government (distance decay leads to devolution)
What are the limitations of a federal state?
Laws and policies are harder to spread around and it can cause devolutionary pressures and can lead to states having a sense of territoriality
What is devolution?
Movement of power downwards from the central government to regional governments. Or the breaking up of a state into smaller parts. Result of centrifugal forces
What are some centrifugal forces?
Division by physical geography, ethnic separatism, ethnic cleansing, terrorism, economic and social problems, irredentism (movement to reunite nation’s homeland when part is continued in other state) forces that divide the state
What is supranationalism?
They can help a state militarily, politically, socially, and economically. Process of National state organizing politically and economically into one organization or alliance (NATO, EU, etc)
What is democratization?
Introduction of a democratic system or transition from autocratic to representative form of government
What are economies of scale?
Increasing production of a good so that the average cost of the good declines
What are the downsides of supranationalism?
Domestic companies may go out of business due to cheaper prices elsewhere, sovereignty may be undermined, states traditional customs may be corrupted by globalization, immigration may increase
What are the consequences of centrifugal forces?
they can lead to failed states
They can lead to uneven development for regions
They can lead to stateless regions and ethnic nationalism movements
What are centripetal forces?
They bond states together, like
common history, language, culture, religion
Belief in the government
Successful sports teams
Reliable institutions
Terrorist attacks (bands country together to fight)
What is relocation diffusion?
The movement of individuals who have an innovation or an idea and carry it physical to a new place to diffuse
What is expansion diffusion?
The idea or innovation develops in the hearth and stays there while spreading outward. The three different types are contagious, hierarchy, and stimulus diffusion
What is contagious diffusion
The distance controlled spreading of an idea or innovation adjecently, in can be exponential
What is hierarchal diffusion?
Involves urban hierarchy and occurs when an idea or innovation is passed among the first connected places and then spreads (world cities) (now less due to internet)
What is stimulus diffusion?
As the result of the introduction of a cultural trade from another place leading to innovation (hamburgers in India but like they are paneer)
What is self determination?
People have a right to governed themselves and it’s often an ethnicity that wants to have its own state
What is balkanization?
When a country splits into smaller countries modeled after Yugoslavia
What is imperialism?
Larger idea of creating an empire by exerting force to control nations from afar
What is colonialism?
The actual practice of claiming. Terrifies and settling there to exert economic and social control
What are the effects of colonialism and imperialism?
Cultural with religion and language
Economic with commodity dependence
Social with ethnic division and genocide
Political with borders and government systems
What are independence movements?
Group of people in a particular part of an area advocating for separation from larger political entity based on many social factors
What are enclaves?
Enclaves are territories that are culturally separated
Note 
Flashcards (31)