Constitutional Amendments and the End of the Progressive Era (19-22)

When was the Volstead Act put into effect?

January 17, 1920

What was the Volstead Act?

Enforced a constitutional ban on the manufacture, sale and transport of beverages with an alcohol content above 0.05%

The Volstead Act applied to beverages with an alcohol content above what percentage?

0.05%

Which amendment passed prohibition as a policy?

the 18th amendment

Which movement culminated in the 18th amendment?

The temperance movement

How long had the temperance movement been active before prohibition?

a century

WHo were the main activists of the temperance movement ?

Female activists, particularly hundreds of thousands of middle-class women from the WOmen’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

Which union had advocating against intoxicating drinks since the late 19th century?

the Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

What was the WCTU’s opposition to alcohol grounded in?

Their roles as mothers, wives, and homemakers

What gender norms did female prohibitionists learn into to support their movement?

Victorian Era norm, which allowed women to assert influence as moral arbiters in communities

What influenced both temperance and prohibition?

Protestant values

Where did both temperance and Prohibiton take roots in?

Midwest and the South

In the south and Midwest the majority of the population belonged to which Christian congregations? Which were the minorities?

Methodist and Baptist; Jewish and Catholic

BY which year had hundreds of “dry”: countries spread across 19 states>

1915

In 1915 how many states had established dry counties?

18 states

What factors played a role in pushing reformers towards a nationwide alcohol ban?

the Progressive-eras faith in government intervention and local successes in banning alcohol

What type of discrimination occurred because of WW1?

Popular xenophobia

How did prohibitionists use xenophobia to push prohibition?

They painted German-American beer halls/breweries and immigrant communities as “Moral cesspools”

What year did Congress pass a temporary wartime prohibition?

1918

A congressman from which state proposed a national prohibition act?

Minnesota

Who proposed a national prohibition act?

Andrew Volstead

How did President WIlson react to the VOlstead Act?

He voted the bill

Why did Wilson veto the Volstead Act?

He claimed the end of the war rendered the emergency rationale for the act “moot”

What did Wilson believe about government intervention into citizens personal lives?

That the government must be certain that the established processes of legal change are followed rather than rashly push legislation

What divisions did Wilson foreshadow when he vetoed the Volstead act?

Divisions between dry and wet democrats

Why was the 18th amendment a ‘hollow victory?’

IT was easier to ban alcohol on paper than in practice

How much did alcohol consumption drop because of the 18th amendment?

30%-60%

In 1927 how many people lived in urban areas?>

66 million

In 1927 how many people lived in rural areas?

52 million

What did people turn to in order to satisfy their alcohol needs?

Homemade-liquor distilled in bathtubs, exploiting loopholes in the act, and visiting speakeasies

What loop holes were taken advantage of in the VOlstead Act?

Medical and religious exemptions

What locations opened as a result of Prohibition?

speakeasies which offered contraband alcohol

Alcohol wastypically smuggled from which countries? For what prices?

Canada or the Caribbean; at a premium price

Prohibition led to the rise of what type of crime?

Organized crime run by violent gangsters

Whose novels immortalized the Roaring Twenties as a period of “glamorous gin soaked parties and champagne toasts?”

F. Scott Fitzgerald

Why was it difficult for federal agents to enforce prohibition?

Low wages, low numbers of agents, hostile public opinion, and corruption within their own agencies.

What percentage of federal inmates were incarcerated for Prohibition offenses by 1930?

33%

How many federal inmates were there in 1930?

12,000

How many federal inmates were incarcerated for Prohibition related offenses in 1930?

4,000

Prohibition’s government intervention into citizen’s lives alarmed Americans aligned with which political ideology?

AMericans across the entire political spectrum were alarmed

How long was Prohibiyion in place?

13 years

After the ratification of the 18th amendment how did voters react to politicians views on prohibition?

They still cared about a candidates stance on Prohibition, with hundreds of races at the local and national levels influenced by the issue

What was the 20th amendment?

Reppealed the 18th amendment (prohibition)

By 1927 how many states had effectively defudned Prohibition?

30 states

How did states effectively defund Prohibition?

Refusing to budget money for its enforcement

Prohibition played an important role in which future amendment?

19th amendment

When was the 19th amendment passed?

August 18. 1920

How many years after its introduction to Congress was the 19th amendment passed?

42 years

How far back into US history did the Women’s suffrage movement go?

Before the Civil War, however some claim it started in 1869 in Wyoming

women’s suffrage achieved support at the state level in which region?

American West

How many states and territories granted Women full voting rights by 1919?

20 states and territories

How many states other than the 20 which granted full rights to women granted limited voting rights to women by 1919?

Dozens of others

In what year did both party platform endorse votes for women?

1916

The first woman elected to national office was from which country?

Montana

Who was the first woman elected to national office?

Jeanete Rankin

What office was Jeanette Ranking elected to?

House of Representative

Women were the driving force between which various progressive and moral reforms?

Child labor laws, city beautification, and Prohibition

How did American eentry into WW1 splinter the suffrage movement?

Leaders divided over questions of strategy, tactics, and support for the war effort.

Who founded the National Women’s Party (NWP)?

Alice Paul

Alice Paul adopted the protest style of which group?

the British “suffragettes”

How was the NWP’s and the British “suffragettes” protest style best described?

militant

Where did the NWP protest with banners criticizing Wilson?

Outisde the White House

What did the NWP’s banners say about Wilson?

Thye criticized his hypocrisy, calling him “Kaiser Wilson,” claiming he waged a war for democracy abroad while denying it to women at home

The head of which rival organizations criticized Alice Paul?

The National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

Who was the head of the NAWSA?

Carrie Chapman Catt

What did the NAWSA stand for?

National American Woman Suffrage Association

Carrie Catt denounced the White House protest by the NWP as what?

Unpatriotic and unladylike

How did the NAWSA prefer to push women’s suffrage?

“Wrapping itself in the flag and stressing loyal contributions of the ‘woman’s land Army of America’”

What happened to the NWP protesters who chained themselves to the WHite House gates?

They were arrested and given lengthy prison sentences

What did Paul and her fellow prisoners do to protest while in prison?

They went on a hunger strike

What was the effect of Paul’s hunger strike?

Prison officials force fed them with a tube inserted through their mouth to their stomach

How did the public react to the force feeding of Paul and her fellow prisoners?

They were outraged over the brutal treatment

Public outrage over prisoner treatment led Wilson to do what?

Shift course, and public ally endorse the suffrage amendment

What did Wilson tell Congress in 1919 whe supporting the Suffrage amendment?

“We have made partners of women in this war… Shall we admit them to a partnership of suffering and toil and not to a partnership of privilege and right?”

How many states were a part of the US in 1920?

48

What was ironic about WIlson’s idealistic view of America as a beacon of democracy?

It was the 27th country to extend full suffrage to women

How many counties had given women the right to vote before the US?

26

What was the effect of the 19th amendment on the political landscape of the 1920s?

Didn’t alter it signifcantly

How many women voted in the first election following the 19th amendment?

35% of eligible women

In 1924 the percentage of eligible women who voted dropped by what perentage?

1%

What percentage of eligible women voted in the 1924 election?

34%

Why were many African-American women still unable to vote?

They lived in the south where they were largely disenfranchised due to formal and informal restrictions

The signatures of how many New York women were on placards during a Suffragist March in oCtober 1917?

Over a million

When did suffragists march in New York displaying 1 million New York women signatures demanding the right to vote?

October 1917

How did women votes in the 1920s different from male voting patterns?

They didn’t difer

What happened to Suffragist organizations after women’s suffrage was granted?

They suffered

How many member did Catt’s NAWSA peak at?

2 million

When did the NAWSA reach peak membership?

1920

What was the successor organization tot he NAWSA?

League of Women Voters

What was the membership of the successive organization to the NAWSA in 1930?

100,000

By what percentage did the NAWSA’s membership in 1920 decrease in the League of WOmen Voters in 1930?

95% decrease

What happened to Paul’s NWP after 1920?

They tried to mobilize the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

What was the ERA?

Sought explicit constitutional guarantee against discrimination “on the basis of gender”

When was the ERA revived?

1970’s

Why did the ERA fail?

Vigorous state and national opposition from the League of Women Voters

Why was the League of Women Voters opposed to the ERA?

They feared it would erase hard-won gender-based legislation

What gender-based legislation had the League of Women Voters fought for?

Mother’s pensions and laws protecting women workers

Why did women’s organizations struggle after 1920?

They ddin;t have a common goal of suffrage uniting them

Women voters after 1920 splintered along what types of lines?

Racial, class, and ideological lines

What was the Sheppard-Towner Maternity Act?

AN Act which secured government funding for health care and other services for mothers and children