Histology/Pathology: Simple Epithelium Pathologies

Simple squamous epithelium is composed of ____ layer of cells that rest on a ________ ________. The Apical surfaces are ______. The cells are ______. Found in ____ and _____.

1. One

2. basement membrane

3. smooth

4. flattened

5. blood vessels and lymphatic vessels

Simple cuboidal epithelium is composed of ____ layer(s) of cells. The apical surfaces may have a ______ ________. The cells are _____ _________ _____ _____ ____. This type of epithelium is found in ________ and _________.

1. one

2. brush border

3. equal in height/width/depth

4. kidneys and thyroid gland

Simple columnar epithelium is composed of ____ layer(s) of cells. The cells are ________________. This type of epithelium is found in __________ and _____________.

1. one

2. greater height than width

3. Fallopian tubes and digestive tract

What is Atherosclerosis?

the formation of deposits of yellowish plaques that contain cholesterol, lipoid material, and lipophages.

What are the most common causes of atherosclerosis?

1. Endothelial dysfunction

2. Dyslipidemia

3. Hypertension

What are follicular cells?

Simple cuboidal cells that line the thyroid follicles of the thyroid gland

What happens to follicular cells when they’re stimulated or in a state of hyperfunction?

They change from cuboidal to columnar

What is hyperthyroidism and its symptoms?

• excessively high levels of thyroid hormone secretion

• nervousness, irritability, tachycardia, muscle weakness, hair loss

• most common in women 20-40

What is hypothyroidism and its symptoms?

• cells become flattened and squamous-like when they’re inactive or in a state of hypofunction

• excessively low levels of thyroid hormone secretion

• sensitive to cold, hair fall, dry skin, weight gain, constipation

What is the structural unit of the kidney?

nephron

What is PCT?

• in proximal tubules. cuboidal cells have pink cytoplasm, display numerous long microvilli on apical surface

What is DCT?

• cuboidal cells of distal tubules have short and scant microvilli, less acidophilla than proximal tubules

Why is the cytoplasm pink in the proximal tubules?

• numerous mitochondria + acidophillia

What is the role of miccrovilli?

• fill lumen, indicate absorption and secretion

What substances are reabsorbed in the proximal tubules?

• water, sodium, chloride, amino acid, proteins, glucose

What is Renal Fanconi Syndrome + its causes?

• a disease that takes place mainly in the proximal tubules, from am abnormality in the epithelial lining

• genetic defects, certain environmental factors

• may lead to failure of children to thrive and de

What are the histological features of Renal Fanconi Syndrome?

• squamous Cells, nuclei are distorted, microvilli are reduced in number and length

• basement membrane becomes wrinkled and thickened

What are globlet cells?

In simple columnar epithelium, they are cells with seemingly empty cytoplasm

What are enterocytes?

simple columnar absorptive cells

What is Celiac Disease?

• a disorder of the small intestine.

• Gluten reacts with the lining of the small intestine, leading to an attack by the immune system and damage to the microvilli and villi

• Histologic features include villous atrophy and inflammatory cells

What can happen if Celiac Disease is left untreated and what is the most important treatment?

• malabsorption, anemia, bone disease, some forms of cancer

• avoidance of all things containing gluten

What is mesothelium?

The epithelial layer of serous membranes that lines the body cavities and covers the organs that project into the cavities