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Obstructive uropathy
Condition where urine flow is blocked, potentially causing kidney damage
Calculi
Solid particles that form in the urinary tract, commonly known as kidney stones
Renal colic
Severe pain caused by the passage of a kidney stone through the urinary tract
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidney, affecting kidney function
Glomerular filtration rate
Measure of how well the kidneys filter blood, reflecting overall kidney function
Acute kidney injury
Sudden decline in kidney function, often measured by increased serum creatinine or decreased urine output
Prerenal acute kidney injury
Kidney dysfunction caused by reduced blood flow to the kidneys
Postrenal acute kidney injury
Kidney dysfunction due to obstruction in the urinary tract
Intrarenal acute kidney injury
Kidney dysfunction caused by direct damage to the kidneys, such as inflammation or toxins
Chronic kidney disease
Long-term, progressive decline in kidney function, often leading to kidney failure
Azotemia
Elevated levels of nitrogenous waste products in the blood, indicative of reduced kidney function
Uremic syndrome
Severe complication of kidney failure, characterized by accumulation of waste products in the blood
Uremia
A clinical syndrome associated with worsening kidney function and the accumulation of urea and other waste products in the blood.
Anasarca
Severe, generalized edema, often associated with nephrotic syndrome or severe kidney disease.
Module 9b
Disorders of Balance of pH and Electrolytes
Primary acid-base disturbance
An imbalance in the body's acid-base status due to a primary underlying cause, such as metabolic or respiratory conditions.
Acidosis
A condition characterized by an excessive acid in the body fluids.
Alkalosis
A condition characterized by an excessive base in the body fluids.
Metabolic acidosis
A decrease in blood pH due to an accumulation of acids or loss of bicarbonate.
Metabolic alkalosis
An increase in blood pH due to an accumulation of bicarbonate or loss of acids.
Respiratory acidosis
A decrease in blood pH due to elevated carbon dioxide levels from impaired lung function.
Respiratory alkalosis
An increase in blood pH due to decreased carbon dioxide levels from excessive breathing.
Anion gap
A calculated measure used to identify the cause of metabolic acidosis.
Hypercapnia
Elevated carbon dioxide levels in the blood, usually due to hypoventilation.
Hypocapnia
Decreased carbon dioxide levels in the blood, usually due to hyperventilation.
pH compensation
Body's attempt to restore normal pH levels by adjusting respiratory or metabolic functions
Partially compensated pH
State where compensatory mechanisms are active but pH has not yet returned to normal
Fully compensated pH
State where compensatory mechanisms have successfully restored pH to normal levels
Corrected state
Condition where the underlying cause of a pH imbalance has been resolved, and normal pH is maintained without compensation
Hyponatremia
Low sodium levels in the blood
Hypernatremia
High sodium levels in the blood
Hypokalemia
Low potassium levels in the blood
Hyperkalemia
High potassium levels in the blood
Hypocalcemia
Low calcium levels in the blood
Hypercalcemia
High calcium levels in the blood
Hypomagnesemia
Low magnesium levels in the blood
Hypermagnesemia
High magnesium levels in the blood
Hypovolemia
Decreased blood volume
Hypervolemia
Increased blood volume
Water intoxication
Potentially fatal disturbance in brain functions due to electrolyte imbalance from rapid water intake