The War of 1812 and Indian Resistance + The Market Revolution + The Age of Jackson

Election of 1800

Jefferson victory; federalist achievements through 1800.

Economic Policy in 1800

Economic development becomes a low priority: repealed Whiskey Tax + national bank lapses. Debt reduction comes thru budget cuts.

Louisiana Purchase

France acquires Louisiana in 1802; Jefferson wants the keep river access open to New Orleans and Napoleon offers Louisiana for $15 million which doubled the size of the U.S. and locked in Jefferson’s re-election.

Embargo of 1807

British intercept and kidnap crew off of American ships, Jefferson imposes universal embargo on exports but it was ineffective and repealed by Madison in 1809.

What’s an embargo?

An official ban on trade or other commercial activity with a particular country.

The British and Indian War (1812-1815)

Fought on the Atlantic and eastern seaboard to defend US neutrality on the seas; Indian country (Ohio Valley, southeast), to seize Indigenous lands. Ends in a draw with significant outcomes for Indigenous people.

Impact of the American Revolution on Native Americans

US independence was the worst thing that could have happened to Native people west of the Appalachian mountains. Their land was transferred to the US without representation, many had allied with the British, and the US didn’t want trade relations.

Indian Intercourse Act (1790)

Native Americans could only cede lands voluntarily in treaties with the federal government.

Treaty of Greenville (1795)

US Government wants more land and forces the Indigenous nations of the Northwest territory (after the Northwest Indian War) to sign a treaty after destroying their defenses for their land.

“civilization program”

An attempt to forcibly assimilate the Native populations to make them more like American citizens. (Brought debt and forced them to give up their land.)

Tenskwatawa

Shawnee prophet who proclaimed the rejection of white culture and embracement of tradition so the Master of Life would restore glory.

Tecumseh

Lead the pan-Indian alliance for united resistance (not reform) against whites and their extermination. Fought at the Battle of Tippecanoe (Prophetstown) and discredited Tenskwatawa. Eventually allied with the British in 1812.

Battle of Tippecanoe

William Henry Harrison vs. Tenskwatawa (the prophet). Tenskwatawa is defeated which discredits him.

Battle of New Orleans

British come for New Orleans and are embarrassed with a MASSIVE loss of soldiers versus Andrew Jackson’s defense. This made Andrew Jackson a war hero and obviously VERY popular.

Hartford Convention

Gathering of Federalists to say “We don’t support the War of 1812, it’s negatively impacting the economy!” This establishes the party’s image as British sympathizers and contributed to their decline.

Treaty of Ghent

Britain and America were tired of fighting and signed this treaty as if basically saying “let’s forget this happened…” but then immediately followed up with The Battle of New Orleans.

What specific steps did the US take to protect Atlantic shipping between 1795-1812? Why did all of these efforts fail?

Jay’s Treaty (1795): British “agree” to stop impressing American sailors while America agrees to keep trading with them (the British DID NOT stop impressing sailors anyways.)

The Embargo Act (1807): Jefferson stops ALL foreign trade, nearly killing the American economy and garnering a horrible reputation for the move.

Non-Intercourse Act (1809): No trade with Britain or France; this didn’t stop them from attacking U.S. ships.

Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810):

• “Hey Britain and France, if you guys stop impressing our ships, you get exclusive trade with us!

• Napoleon (France): “Sure…” *backstabs America anyways*

• Britain “lol no”

What was the significance of the War of 1812? Discuss its impact on national politics, Indigenous removal, and the market revolution.

National politics: Federalists were pro-British and lost respect from the country (The Hartford Convention) and power plays contributed to a spoiling reputation (Alien & Sedition Acts); since the Republicans supported the war, James Monroe won the next election by a landslide. Jefferson’s move for the Louisiana Purchase was his best move and converted a lot of citizens to Republicanism.

Indigenous Removal: Tecumseh, The Battle of Tippecanoe, Tenskatawa, etc.

Market Revolution: British establish a trade blockade, causing the industrial revolution and independence from British imports (“We can make it ourself! We don’t need you!”) Expanded labor, technology, and the capitalist market.

What was the significance of the mosquito to American history?

The mosquitos caused a yellow fever epidemic in Santo Domingo (modern-day Haiti) which decimated French soldiers stationed there, moving Napoleon to sell the Louisiana territory to the US.

Regional Differences during the Market Revolution

Northeast: Manufactuing and the Industrial Revolution

Northwest: Farming and Transportation Revolution

South: Cotton Revolution

These differences laid groundwork for political sectionalism.

The Two Systems of Pre-industrial manufacturing

1. The Workshop System

   1. Skilled individual artisans producing goods

2. The Putting-Out System

   1. Merchants providing raw materials to individual homes, collecting the product, and selling the resulting goods

What brought about Industrialization in England in the 1780s?

• Capital from the merchant class

• Mass markets

• Mechanized production

• Plentiful and cheap free (as opposed to bound or unfree) labor, (i.e. wage labor)

  • Mostly women labored in the textile industry

Why was the U.S. so slow to industrialize?

Because of its unique demographics and cultural conditions.

• Plentiful land

• Low population density

• Jeffersonian distaste for industry and urbanization

Slater’s Mills

“Family mills”; early industry of mechanized spinning to put out weaving from households.

The Lowell Mills (1810s)

Integrated production processes (cleaning, spinning, weaving) in one location; operated by English farm girls.

Who established the Lowell Mills?

Francis Cabot Lowell

What was the work culture like in the Lowell Mills?

1. Long, rigorous hours for low pay

2. Dangerous working conditions

3. Female-dominated workplace

   1. Employee exploitation

National Republicans

New generation of pro-development Republicans. (Henry Clay and John Clahoun)

Henry Clay

National Republican who wrote the “American system”.

Clay’s “American System”

Strong national bank with protective tariffs and internal improvements.

Why was The Second Bank of the United States established?

After the first bank was not rechartered in 1811, the Second Bank came in in 1816 with the support of National Republicans.

What were the policies of The Second Bank of the US?

• Depository of federal funds

• Lending policy

• Increases stable currency

• Stabilizes credit

• Promotes economic development

The Panic of 1819

Severe global depression causes a contraction in credit, resulting in investors and buyers experiencing major losses. They blamed the bank.

What certain event led up to protective tariffs being established?

Napoleonic Wars: decreased imports, stimulated manufacturing. British floods the US with cheap goods after the war. Led to the death of the Federalist party, allowing Republicans to seek foothold in New England.

Tariff of 1816

25% impost (increase) on certain imported goods; supported by Calhoun (at the beginning).

The National Road

Road connecting mid Illinois to southern Pennsylvania. Left no federal money for local and state projects, so funding improvements were still mostly up to the states.

Erie Canal (1825)

Connection to eastern markets and commercialized the west. Linked the Great Lakes to Albany and NYC.

The Agricultural Revolution in the West

Commercial farming booms, caused by mechanization (“the McCormick Reaper”). Raised standards of living, increased dependency on distant markets, and increased debt.

Consequences of Industrialization

1. Artisan class is diminished

2. Segregation of work from life

   1. Preindustrial workshops (familial environment)

   2. Industrial system (class-based system and values)

3. New working class: proletariats

Lowell Girls

1. Structure of work

   1. Helping new workers

   2. Covering for co-workers

2. Communal living

3. Homogeneity

   1. White, young, native-born women

Economic Crisis of the Late 1830s and its consequences on the Lowell Girls

• Company imposed wage cuts and increased work.

• Women unionized and went on strike

• Demands were not met and the company turned to immigrant labor

Andrew Jackson’s major shifts in US History

1. Expanded voting rights

2. Political culture shifts

3. Westward expansion

4. Shift toward populism

5. Crisis over protective tariffs fuels sectionalism

6. Crisis over national bank makes new party system

7. Expulsion of Native peoples

Populism

A political approach that appeals to the common man.

Political atmosphere leading up to Jackson’s presidency:

1. Death of the Federalists

2. Rise of National Republicans

3. Jeffersonian Republicans still strong

Political economy leading up to Jackson’s presidency:

1. Clay’s “American System”

2. Tariffs

3. National bank to promote development

America’s Fundamental Changes/Shifts during 1820

(Jackson’s presidency reflects all of these tensions)

1. More democratic, partisan, and populist

2. Modernized and industrialized

3. Expansion westward

4. More sectionally divided

5. Americans want federal government to serve their regional or sectional interests

Andrew Jackson’s background

• Self-made gentleman in Tennessee

• Hero of New Orleans; martial honors

• Planter, bank-hater, Indian fighter, politician

• Embodiment of democracy, social mobility, the west, “common man", America’s promise

Election of 1824

• One party, no incumbent

• 4 candidates with sectional support

• Jackson the darkhorse

  • Wins plurality of votes

• “Corrupt bargain:” Jackson defeated in the House by Clay and John Quincy Adams

Election of 1828

Jackson garners a positive reputation in comparison to JQA (JQA campaigning reaches an all-time low) and Jackson wins by a wide margin.

The Nullification Crisis and The Tariff of 1828

The Tariff of 1828 causes a crisis: the tariffs benefitted the North but harmed the South’s economy, leading South Carolina to try to nullify the tariff in their state (aka ignoring the federal government’s policies entirely). Andrew Jackson pushes a Force Bill through Congress, plus Henry Clay designs the Compromise Tariff of 1833 which makes South Carolina let up.

The Tariff of 1828

• Supported by Jackson but opposed by VP Calhoun (SC)

• Doctrine of nullification: South Carolina Exposition and Protest

Crisis over the Tariff of 1828

• SC nullified tariff, but Jackson pushed Force Bill through Congress

• Clay engineered Compromise Tariff of 1833

• SC backed down but held a grudge

The Cherokee Expulsion

Civilization programs were in full swing, and the US had a deal with Georgia concerning Cherokee lands in 1802. With the Indian Removal Act of 1830, the US suddenly forced the Cherokees out of their lands, to which the Cherokee went to the Supreme Court in Worcester vs. Georgia (1832) and WON, but Jackson ignored this and kept attempting to force them out.

The actual Trail of Tears happened under President Martin Van Buren in 1838.

Compact of 1802

An agreement between the US federal government and Georgia that the gov. would extinguish Cherokee land titles in northern Georgia so that Georgia would cede its western lands to the government for $1.25 million.