Key Terms Chapter 28/29

Test 2/28

Social Gospel

A religious movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries advocating for social justice and the improvement of labor conditions

Muckrakers

Journalists and writers in the early 20th century who exposed corruption, social injustices, and corporate wrongdoing, helping spark reforms.

Initiative

A process allowing citizens to propose new laws or constitutional amendments.

Referendum

A process in which citizens vote on proposed laws or policies.

Recall

A procedure allowing voters to remove elected officials from office before their term ends.

Muller v. Oregon

A landmark Supreme Court case (1908) upholding a law limiting women’s work hours, citing the need for protection of their health.

Lochner v. New York

A Supreme Court decision that invalidated a state law limiting bakery workers' hours

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire

A tragic industrial accident in where 146 workers died, leading to reforms in workplace safety and labor laws.

Elkins Act

A law aimed at regulating railroad rebates, making it illegal for railroads to offer secret rebates.

Ida Tarbell

A leading muckraker known for her investigative reporting on the Standard Oil Company and its monopolistic practices.

Meat Inspection Act

A law requiring federal inspection of meatpacking plants to ensure sanitary conditions after the publication of The Jungle.

Pure Food & Drug Act

A 1906 law designed to prevent the sale of misbranded or adulterated food and drugs.

Dollar Diplomacy

A U.S. foreign policy under President William H. Taft aimed at expanding American influence through economic investments.

Payne-Aldrich Bill

A tariff reform law that raised certain tariffs

New Nationalism

political philosophy of Theodore Roosevelt emphasizing government intervention in business.

New Freedom

Woodrow Wilson’s political philosophy focusing on reducing government interference and promoting individual liberties.

Eugene Debs

A labor leader and five-time presidential candidate advocating for socialism and workers' rights.

Jacob Riis

A muckraker whose work exposed the living conditions of urban poor through his book

Florence Kelley

A social reformer who worked to improve labor conditions for women and children.

John Muir

A naturalist and conservationist known for his role in establishing national parks and advocating for wilderness preservation.

Henry Demarest Lloyd

A muckraker and social critic who wrote Wealth Against Commonwealth, attacking monopolistic corporations.

Australian Ballot

A voting system ensuring secrecy where ballots are printed and distributed by the government.

Hetch Hetchy Valley

A valley that became a center of debate between conservationists and development proponents.

Brownsville Affair

A incident involving wrongful accusations against black soldiers, leading to racial injustice issues.

Gifford Pinchot

The first Chief of the U.S. Forest Service, known for advocating the sustainable use of resources.

Underwood Tariff

-A law lowering tariff rates and implementing an income tax

-Wilson

Federal Reserve Act

A law establishing the Federal Reserve System to regulate the money supply.

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

A law aimed at strengthening antitrust laws and protecting labor unions.

Workingmen’s Compensation Act

A 1916 law providing compensation for federal workers injured on the job.

Adamson Act

A 1916 law establishing an eight-hour workday for railroad workers.

Jones Act

A law granting U.S. citizenship to Puerto Ricans.

U Boats

German submarines effective in disrupting Allied shipping during World War I.

Lusitania

A British passenger ship sunk by a German U-boat in 1915, contributing to U.S. entry into World War I.

Zimmerman Telegram

A secret German communication proposing a military alliance with Mexico against the U.S.

Fourteen Points

Woodrow Wilson’s proposal for post-World War I peace including ideas for self-determination.

Committee on Public Information (CPI)

A U.S. government agency created to promote support for World War I through propaganda.

Espionage Act

A law criminalizing interference with military operations during World War I.

Schenck v. US

A Supreme Court case that upheld the Espionage Act based on free speech restrictions during wartime.

War Industries Board

A U.S. agency coordinating the production of war materials during World War I.

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

A radical labor union formed in 1905 advocating for workers’ rights and socialism.

Great Migration

The movement of African Americans from the South to urban areas seeking economic opportunities.

19th Amendment

The 1920 amendment granting women the right to vote.

League of Nations

An international organization founded to promote peace and cooperation among nations after World War I.

Treaty of Versailles

The agreement ending World War I, imposing penalties on Germany.

Louis Brandeis

A progressive lawyer and Supreme Court justice advocating for social justice and labor rights.

George Creel

The head of the Committee on Public Information during World War I.

Herbert Hoover

The 31st President known for managing food relief during and after World War I.

Alice Paul

A leading suffragist who played a key role in the passage of the 19th Amendment.

Henry Cabot Lodge

A U.S. Senator opposed to U.S. membership in the League of Nations.