Personality Psychology Final Exam 2

Murray construed a(n) ____ as force that organizes and gives direction to feelings, thoughts, and behavior so that an unsatisfying state of affairs can be remedied

Need

Murray defined ____ as a characteristic of the environment that either facilitates or interferes with the efforts of the individual to achieve a given goal

A Press

Murray's alpha press

was what people in general thought was happening

Murray's beta press

described the person's perception of what was happening

To Murray, a thema was

the interaction of a need and a press

Murray developed what he called the Regnancy Principle. Simply stated, this principle said

No brain, no personality

Murray's Regnancy Principle said that in order to have a personality, a person would have to

remember the past and be able to anticipate the future

Murray's emphasis on individual personalities can most clearly be seen in his respect for

ideographic research

Henry Murray took what position on Freud's Id, ego, and superego?

They were useful in describing human behavior, but ....

Henry Murray

directed psychologists to remain.....

Murray, like Allport actually conducted much of his work using _______..._____....

nomothetic; a more individualized

Allport was committed to traits understood form the ______

morphogenic

Allport's name for a trait in an individual person was

disposition

Research reported by Allport later confirmed by others shows the .....

the rater can indicate which traits particularly....

Allport's attitude toward highly mathematical empirical studies like ....

critical

In which order did Allport's traits vary from most pervasive like....

cardinal, central, and secondary

The half dozen or so major personality dispositions .....

central traits

Nearly everyone who knows Harry agrees that he is friendly ".."____..

central trait

Secondary traits describe ways in which

people are consistent, but in ways that affect fewer behaviors

Which of the following is not listed by Allport as characteristic of a normal, mature adult?

career success and high salary

Allport believed that healthy adults were

all of the above

-more able to handle stress

-more likely to understand their

-different in motivation from animals

Allport's term, proprium, corresponds most closely to which of the following terms?

the self

The earliest stage in the development of the proprium focuses on______

the sense of body

According to Allport, identification of the self with one's possessions first occurs at about age____

4

When does "propriate striving" develop?

in adolescence

Allport

was one of the first to recognize that situational variables were also important in the prediction of behavior

Allport disagreed with Freud about

all of the above

-the dominance of unconscious fears

-the role of the past

-the continuity between normal

Allport believed the unconscious is actually

important only in a neurotic or disturbed behavior

According to Allport, our uniqueness is determined by

genetics and learning

For Allport, heredity provides the personality with

raw materials (such as physique)

Allport's approach to personality is characterized by the

conscious rather than the unconscious

According to Allport, personality traits are

real and exist within each of us

According to Allport, secondary traits

All of the answers

-are minor

-are so minor

-are much less

The key to understanding present behavior is our

conscious plans and intentions

Addictions and repetitive actions are examples of what Allport calls

preservative functional anatomy

Allport chose the term propium for the

ego or self

The only examples of functionally autonomous behavior below are

learned skills

Allport's seven stages of propriate development are

unique in their emphasis on the development of the rational individual

In the developmental stage Allport called ____, children realize their identity remains intact despite the many changes that are taking place

self-identity

In the developmental stage called extension of self, the child

comes to recognize the objects and people that are part of their world

The development of the proprium is completed in

adolescence

When the needs for affect and security are met in infancy

All of the answers

-the proprium

-motives become

-unique traits

According to Allport, life's ultimate and necessary goal is to

maintain an optimal level of tension

Research on expressive behavior has found that

All of the above are true

-personality traits can

-women and children are

-close friends are better

Allport's approach is reflected n the work of the humanistic psychologists

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

Allport believed the best way to obtain reliable information on adult personality is through

asking people to describe themselves

More recent research on facial expressions has found that

as many as 7 different emotions can be read in facial expression

Depressed people are _____than others in recognizing the emotion of sadness

better

An analysis of the yearbook photographs of worn college graduates found that those who exhibited positive emotional expressions at age 21

scored higher on measures of feelings of subjective well-being than did others at ages 27,43, and 52

Amboy and Rosenthal (1992) demonstrated that strangers could

accurately infer anxiety watching a video clip for 30 seconds

It has also been shown that close friends were

better able to accurately guess the emotions of ager, sadness, and happiness than were casual acquaintances

We unconsciously recognize smiles by

unconsciously mimicking them

Type A behavior can be distinguished from Type B behavior in that the former more often shows

disgust, glaring, grimacing, and scowling

Cattell's goal in studying personality is to

predict behavior

According to Cattell, a valid personality should be able to

predict behavior in response to a given stimulus situation

Factor analysis is

statistical measure of the relationship between variables

If a personality theory reflects the personality of its originator, for Raymond Cattell it would be

the comprehensiveness and adherence to evidence derived from empirical research

For Cattell, traits are

All of the above

-relatively

-basic structural

-derived by

Personality characteristics that correlate with one another but do not constitute a factor are called

surface traits

Source traits are

the basic elements of personality

Environmental-mold traits are

learned characteristics form the influence of friends, work, and where we live

According to Cattell, intelligence is what part determined by heredity?

80%

Among Cattell's 11 ergs are

anger, curiosity, gregariousness, hunger, and self-assertion

According to Cattell, the stage of childhood is one where a person deals with

independence rom parents and identification with peers

Cattell's 16 PS

All of the above

-can be used

-can predict

-can be used

According to Cattell's research, one third of our personality is _____based

genetically

Cattell's 3 source traits determined mostly by heredity are

All of the above

Cattell proposed six stages in the development of the personality covering

the entire life span

Cattell's development of personality theory

included several Freudian ideas

Factor-analytic research has shown that partners in a stable marriage

have highly similar personality traits

A potential weakness of Cattell's system is that it relies totally on

the assumption that factor analysis alone can identify causal traits

All of the following are personality dimensions identified by Hans Eysenck except

shyness versus social rejection

Eysenck's extraversion-introversion scale includes each of the following traits in one option below. It is alternative _____

sociable, lively, active, assertive, sensation seeking.....

Eysenck believes that personality traits can be derived from

factor analysis

According to Eysenck's research, extraverts have lower levels of ___than introverts

cortical arousal

For Eysenck, the most significant factor in intelligence is

heredity

Eysenck believes that personality dimensions such as introversion

remain relatively constant throughout the life span

Eysenck and others have demonstrated that

All of the above

-extroverts

-extroverts

-neurotics

McCrae and Costa's five personality factors

include agreeableness and conscientiousness

McCrae ad Costa believe the influence of heredity is most pronounced in the factors of

neuroticism and extraversion