Chapter 9 - Blood and Immune Systems

blood

fluid that circulates through the heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins, transporting oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients to the tissues

formed elements

blood cells and cellular fragment

packed cell volume

the volume of blood cells in a sample after it has been centrifuged; normally about 45% of the blood sample

plasma

liquid portion of blood that carries formed elements, clotting factors, electrolytes, and proteins

serum

liquid portion of blood left after removing clotting factors and blood cells

bone marrow

soft tissue within medullary cavities of bone, with multiple functions including the production of blood cells

erythropoietin (EPO)

hormone released by kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production in bone marrow

hemopoiesis (hematopoiesis)

formation of various types of blood cells and other formed elements

lymphatic system

network of vessels, lymph nodes and lymphatic organs that plays a role in immunity by collecting lymph

lymph

colorless fluid contain white blood cells that drains through the lymphatic system into the blood stream

lymph node

bean-shaped body in which lymph is filtered and lymphocytes are formed

spleen

vascular lymphatic organ responsible for filtering blood, destroying old red blood cells, producing red blood cells before birth, and storing blood

erythrocyte (red blood cell)

blood cell that carries oxygen and carbon dioxide

hemoglobin

protein in red blood cells that binds to oxygen; gives red blood cells that characteristic color

iron

essential trace element necessary for hemoglobin to transport oxygen in red blood cells

macrocyte

a large red blood cell

Rh factor

protein substance present in the red blood cells of most people (85%); capable of inducing intense antigenic reactions

leukocyte

largest blood cell; protects against pathogens, foreign substances, and cellular debris

granulocyte

white blood cell with visible granules; three types of granulocytes are name according to the type of dye to which each is attracted

neutrophil

type of granulocyte that fights against bacterial infection; stains a neutral pink; 60-70% of circulating WBCs

eosinophil

type of granulocyte that functions in allergic reactions and against parasites; stains red; 2-4% of circulating WBCs

basophil

type of granulocyte that releases histamine in allergic reactions and inflammatory responses; stains a dark blue with a basic dye; 0.5-1.0% of circulating WBCs

agranulocyte

white blood cell without clearly visible granules

lymphocyte

type of a granulocyte that circulates in the lymphatic system and is active in immunity; 20-25% of circulating WBCs

B lymphocyte (B cell)

white blood cell that when in contact with a foreign antigen, produces antibodies to inactivate the antigen

T lymphocyte (T cell)

white blood cell that matures in the thymus gland and specializes in creating an immune response

monocyte

largest type of white blood cell; 3-8% of circulating white blood cells

macrophage

enlarged and matured monocyte active in phagocytosis (eating and destroying)

platelets (PLT) (thrombocytes)

cellular fragments in the blood that stick together, forming a clot

clotting factors

any of the various plasma components involved in the clotting process

coagulation

clotting; changing from a liquid to a solid state

fibrin

elastic fiber protein needed in clotting and derived from fibrinogen

fibrinogen

plasma protein that is converted into solid threads called fibrin

antibody (Ab)

soldier-like protein that protects the body and inactivates antigens; provides immunity against specific substances and microorganisms

antigen (Ag)

agent or substance that provokes an immune response

histamine

substance released by damaged cells that increases blood flow to the area, causing an inflammatory response (inflammation) involving heat, redness, swelling, and pain

immune response

the body’s reaction to an antigen

immunity

protection against disease

pathogen

any virus, microorganism, or other substance that causes disease

phagocytosis

cellular process of eating and destroying substances, usually by the neutrophils and macrophages

chrom/o, chromat/o

color

cyt/o

cell

erythr/o

red

granul/o

granules

hem/o, hemat/o

blood

immun/o

immune, safe

leuk/o

white

lymph/o

lymph

neutr/o

neutral

nucle/o

nucleus

path/o

disease

phag/o

eat, swallow

phleb/o

vein

plas/o

formation, growth

thromb/o

blood clot

auto-

self, same

basi-, baso-

base

macro-

large, long

micro-

small

mono-

one

pro-

before, promoting

poly-

many, much

cyte-

cell

-emia

blood (condition of)

-sis

condition, process

-gen

origin, production

-lysis

destruction, breakdown, separation

-osis

abnormal condition

-penia

deficiency

-philia

attraction for, liking

-poiesis

production, formation

-rrhage

flowing forth

-y

condition of

autoimmunity

pertaining to one’s immune system attacking its own tissues or cells

cytopathic

pertaining to a disease or disorder of a cell or cellular component

hemapoietic (hematopoietic)

pertaining to the formation of blood cells

hemolytic

pertaining to the rupture or destruction of red blood cells

hemorrhagic

pertaining to produse or excessive bleeding

hemostasis

stopping blood flow or arresting bleeding

hypersensitive

condition of excessive response or an exaggerated sensistivity to a stimulus

inflammatory

pertaining to heat, redness, swelling, and pain in response to tissue injury

predisposition

condition of being susceptible to disease

proliferative

growing and increasing in number of similar cells

rejection

immunologic response of incompatibility to a transplated organ or tissue

systemic

pertaining to the whole body

virulent

denotes an extremely toxic pathogen

anemia

condition in which the number of red blood cells, hemoglobin, or packed cell volume is lower than normal

aplastic anemia

disorder in which the bone marrow does not produce enough red blood cells

iron deficiency anemia

disorder in which hemoglobin is unable to transport oxygen due to a lack of iron

pernicious anemia

disorder in which the number of red blood cells decreases with simultaneous enlargement of individual cells due to an inability to absorb vitamin B12; usually in older adults

hemorrhagic anemia (blood loss anemia)

disorder involding lack of red blood cells due to profuse blood loss

thalassemia

disorder caused by a genetic defect resulting in low hemoglobin production

sickle cell anemia

disorder caused by a genetic defect resulting in abnormal hemoglobin causing sickle-shaped red blood cells, which have difficulty moving through small capillary vessels

autoimmune disease

condition in which the immune system attacks normal body tissues

clotting disorder

condition characterized by an inability of blood to coagulate

hemophilia

bleeding disorder due to a deficiency of a clotting factor

thrombocytopenia

disorder involving low levels of platelets in the blood

idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)

disorder resulting from platelet destruction by macrophages characterized by bruising and bleeding from mucous membranes

von Willebrand disease (vWD)

bleeding disorder characterized by a tendency to bleed primarily from the mucous membranes due to a deficiency of a clotting factor

hemochromatosis

excessive absorption and storage of dietary iron in body tissues causing dysfunction