Biology 122 Chapter 4 Lecture Notes

phylogeny is currently based on

genes

phylogeny was formerly based on

phenotype

a phylogenetic tree starts with the _______

common ancestor

outgroup

does not branch after speciating from common ancestor

phylogeny

traces the evolutionary history of a species or group of species

reconstruction of phylogeny uses _______

systematics

all species can be

connected

DNA sequences show how species are….

linked together

______ mutations can be different and have _____ results

random, similar

separate evolutionary events can cause the ____ trait

same

convergent evolution

species adapting in the same way in the same environment, but are not closely related

common ancestry leads to ______ characteristics

shared

taxonomy

shows how organisms are best connected but has limitations

creating genes is easier when edited ____

once

convergent evolution

independent evolution of two different species

in convergent evolution, environment produces _____ mutations

random

phylogenies show how common ancestry leads to _________

shared characteristics

binominal nomenclature

latinized scientific names for a specific species

binominal nomenclature was created due to…

different regions having different species names

domain → _______ → phylum

kingdom

kingdom → _______ → class

phylum

______ → phylum

kingdom

phylum → ______ → order

class

class → ______ → family

order

order → _____ → genus

family

family → ______ → species

genus

genus → ______

species

phylogenetic trees are displayed as

dichotomies

branch points are also known as

nodes

homologies

phenotypic and genotypic similarities due to shared ancestors

human relatives

apes: orangutans, bonobos, and gorillas

analogy

due to convergent evolution

more nucleotides →

better genes

less genetic mutations =

more energy conserved

energy is best used to mutate _____

once