Sociology Quizzes Exam 2

Which of the following is a criticism of Weber's ideal-type analysis of bureaucracies?

a.

It largely failed to take into account the informal side of bureaucracy.

b.

It failed to identify division of labor as a characteristic of bureaucracies.

c.

It largely failed to consider the hierarchical structure of most bureaucracies.

d.

It failed to recognize the impersonal nature of bureaucracies.

A

Sociologist Charles H. Cooley referred to a large, specialized group in which members engage in impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time as a(n) __________.

a.

secondary group

b.

ingroup

c.

outgroup

d.

primary group

A

In his study of bureaucracies, Weber relied on an abstract model that describes the recurring characteristics of some phenomenon (such as bureaucracy). This model is called a(n) __________.

a.

ideal type

b.

archetype

c.

repetitive paradigm

d.

symbolic representation

A

The ideal-type characteristics of bureaucratic organizations, as specified by Max Weber, include an emphasis on

a. personal feelings.

b. division of labor.

c. a flat organizational structure.

d. employment based on reputation rather than qualification.

B

Who among the following is a member of a utilitarian organization?

a.

Shaun, who is in prison for homicide and is forbidden from moving freely without a security guard

b.

Ritu, who is a member of a nonprofit organization that works toward eradicating poverty

c.

Caleb, who is a member of a parent-teacher association that aims to promote better education

d.

Angela, who works as a lawyer at a prestigious law firm and earns $60,000 annually

D

The process by which members of a cohesive group arrive at a decision that many individual members privately believe is unwise is termed __________.

a. groupthink

b. the iron law of oligarchy

c. goal displacement

d. group polarization

A

Which of the following is an ideal characteristic of bureaucracies as identified by Weber?

a.

Bureaucracies typically encourage nepotism and promote employees based on preferential treatment rather than on merit.

b.

Bureaucracies are characterized by employees who learn to perform all tasks to avoid specialization of work.

c.

Bureaucracies are impersonal in that they require everyone to follow the same rules and to be treated the same.

d.

Bureaucracies typically have a flat organizational structure with a very low power distance between managers and their subordinates.

C

George and Finn have been friends for the past 12 years. They met in college and now live in the same neighborhood. Both regularly share their problems with and seek advice from each other. Both have toddlers and often share their experiences of fatherhood as well. In this scenario, George and Finn form a(n) __________.

a.

aggregate

b.

secondary group

c.

primary group

d.

outgroup

c

A group to which a person belongs and with which the person feels a sense of identity is called a(n) __________.

a. ingroup

b. outgroup

c. category

d. reference group

A

Many clubs have "Members Only" signs to indicate that the organization does not welcome outsiders within club walls. Members of such clubs develop an awareness that they share important commonalities with other members. This awareness is called __________.

a.

xenocentrism

b.

a character mask

c.

cultural relativism

d.

a consciousness of kind

D

Which of the following ideas is central to the postmodernist perspective on deviance?

a. Deviant behavior is learned in interaction with others.

b. The powerful control others through discipline and surveillance.

c. The powerful use the law and the criminal justice system to protect their own class interests.

d. Acts are deviant or criminal because they have been labeled as such by powerful groups.

B

Which of the following types of crime is a business operation that supplies illegal goods and services for profit?

a. Organized crime

b. Corporate crime

c. White-collar crime

d. Occupational crime

A

Reading about criminal trials in newspapers or watching them on television is likely to instill a fear of punishment in people and prevent them from engaging in similar acts of crime. In the context of the goals of punishment, this is most likely an example of __________.

a.

rehabilitation

b.

selective incapacitation

c.

general deterrence

d.

retribution

C

Unlike the liberal feminist approach, the radical feminist approach

a.

posits that deviance and crime are a rational response to gender discrimination.

b.

states that minority women typically have fewer opportunities for education.

c.

views the cause of women's crime as originating in patriarchy.

d.

holds that class divide, rather than sexual double standard, is responsible for the oppression of women.

c

Which of the following terms refers to the systematic practices that social groups develop in order to encourage conformity to norms, rules, and laws and to discourage deviance?

a.

Policing

b.

Anomie

c.

Social control

d.

Social delinquency

C

A person may shoplift an item of clothing from a department store and be apprehended and labeled as a "thief," subsequently accept that label, and then go on to shoplift more in the future. This future behavior is an example of __________ deviance.

a.

secondary

b.

tertiary

c.

primary

d.

career

A

In the context of the gang types identified by sociologists Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin, which of the following types of gangs emerges in communities that do not provide either legitimate or illegitimate opportunities?

a. Criminal gangs

b. Retreatist gangs

c. Conflict gangs

d. Youth gangs

C

Emma was convicted of larceny and is currently undergoing therapy in prison. She is visited by a counselor on a regular basis and also receives vocational and educational training to help her reintegrate with society. In the context of the goals of punishment, this scenario best exemplifies __________.

a.

rehabilitation

b.

retribution

c.

general deterrence

d.

selective incapacitation

A

When police officers single out African Americans and Latin Americans during criminal investigations and subject them to discriminatory treatment, the police officers engage in __________.

a.

racial profiling

b.

selective incapacitation

c.

community-oriented policing

d.

"hands-on" policing

A

Which of the following is a theory developed by sociologist Robert K. Merton that suggests that people experience tension when they are exposed to cultural goals that they are unable to obtain because they do not have access to culturally approved means of achieving those goals?

a. Strain theory

b. Control theory

c. Social bond theory

d. Differential association theory

A

Which of the following occurs when people disengage from social roles that have been central to their self-identity?

role exit

In the sociological sense, which of the following statements is true of a status?

It exists independently of the specific people occupying it.

Both Emile Durkheim and Ferdinand Tonnies

developed typologies to explain changes in the social structure of societies

The term "emotional labor" refers to

appropriate emotions for a given role or situation.

Recent research indicates that women athletes have their own ways of dealing with the "female/athlete paradox." This paradox is an example of role __________.

Conflict

Which of the following terms refers to the social cohesion found in industrial societies in which people perform very specialized tasks and feel united by their mutual dependence?

Organic Solidarity

According to Durkheim, social solidarity in industrialized societies is sustained by __________.

Shared differences established through division of labor

The perspective developed by Erving Goffman that compares everyday life to a theatrical presentation is called __________.

Dramaturgical analysis

Which of the following terms refers to the state of being part insider and part outsider in the social structure, such as that of immigrants who simultaneously share the life and traditions of two distinct groups?

social marginality

According to Ebaugh, which of the following is included in the second stage of role exit?

A search for alternatives

Which of the following terms refers to the process by which our perception of reality is largely shaped by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience?

Social Construct of reality

Which of the following occurs when the expectations associated with a role are unclear?

Role Ambiguity

Which of the following terms refers to a set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status?

role

Which of the following terms refers to the social cohesion of preindustrial societies, in which there is minimal division of labor and people feel united by shared values and common social bonds?

Mechanical Socitey

Our family, close friends, and school- or work-related peer groups are examples of

Primary Groups

Which of the following refers to a group's ability to maintain itself in the face of obstacles?

Social Solidarity