BIOL 2401 - A&P final review

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121 Terms

1
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T/F Organs are made of tissues.

true

2
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T/F Cells were first named by microscopist Robert Hooke.

True

3
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T/F Evolutionary (Darwinian) medicine traces some of our diseases to our evolutionary past.

True

4
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T/F Sometimes anatomical terms come from origins that do not lend any insight into their meaning.

True

5
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Stereoscopic vision provides _________

  • opposition of thumbs

  • opposable perception

  • color perception

  • depth perception

  • bipedalism

depth perception

6
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Proteoglycans are composed of ______.

Multiple Choice

  • nucleic acids and proteins

  • carbohydrates and fats

  • proteins and fats

  • carbohydrates and proteins

  • nucleic acids and fats

  • carbohydrates and proteins

7
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Proteins perform all of the following functions except _________blank.

Multiple Choice

  • produce muscular and other forms of movementIncorrect

  • give structural strength to cells and tissues

  • regulate transport of solutes into and out of cells

  • store hereditary information

  • catalyze metabolic reactions

  • store hereditary information

8
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A solution that resists a change in pH when an acid or base is added to it is a(n) _________blank.

Multiple Choice

  • catalyst

  • oxidizing agent

  • colloid

  • reducing agent

  • buffer

buffer

9
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Carbon is very versatile in forming bonds with other atoms because it has _________blank valence electrons.

  • six

  • four

  • two

  • eight

  • four

10
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Which of the following is a disaccharide?

Multiple Choice

  • Amylose

  • Lactose

  • Galactose

  • Fructose

  • Glucose

  • Lactose

11
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Channel protein gates respond to all these stimuli except _________blank.

Multiple Choice

  • changes in electrical potential (voltage) across a cellular membrane

  • physical deformation of a cellular membrane

  • water in the extracellular fluid

  • chemical messengers

  • ligands

  • water in the extracellular fluid

12
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The plasma membrane of cells lining the small intestine has _________, which are specialized for absorption of nutrients.

Multiple Choice

  • dynein arms

  • flagella

  • a glycocalyx

  • cilia

  • microvilli

  • microvilli

13
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A receptor protein in the plasma membrane will not bind to just any chemical in the extracellular fluid, but only to certain ones. This property is called _________blank.

Multiple Choice

  • fidelity

  • specificity

  • efficacy

  • saturation

  • selectivity

  • specificity

14
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Cellular membranes are permeable to _________blank, but impermeable to _________.

  • phosphates; wastes

  • proteins; nutrients

  • wastes; nutrients

  • nutrients; wastes

  • nutrients; proteins

  • nutrients; proteins

15
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The flat-shaped cells found covering the skin are _________blank in shape.

  • spherical

  • cylindrical

  • squamous

  • cuboidal

  • columnar

  • squamous

16
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A _________blank is composed of a granular cluster of eight proteins called _________blank with DNA wound around them.

Multiple Choice

  • nucleosome; histones

  • nucleosome; centrosomes

  • chromosome; histones

  • centromere; chromatin

  • chromosome; centromeres

  • nucleosome; histones

17
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The G1 , S, and G2 phases of the cell cycle are collectively called _________blank.

Multiple Choice

  • interphase

  • prophase

  • cytokinesis

  • anaphase

  • telophase

  • interphase

18
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The alleles possessed by all members of a population collectively are called the _________blank.

Multiple Choice

  • genetic drift

  • gene pool

  • species DNA

  • phenotype

  • population DNA

  • gene pool

19
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Cytokinesis overlaps with which phase of mitosis?

Multiple Choice

  • Telophase

  • Metaphase

  • Prophase

  • The S phase

  • Interphase

  • Telophase

20
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What is all of the DNA in a set of 23 chromosomes referred to as?

Multiple Choice

  • The karyotype

  • The genome

  • A centromere

  • A chromatid

  • The phenotype

  • The genome

21
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Which of the following is not a type of fibrous connective tissue?

Multiple Choice

  • Dense irregular connective tissue

  • Dense regular connective tissue

  • Hyaline cartilage

  • Areolar tissue

  • Reticular tissue

  • Hyaline cartilage

22
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Neurons usually have multiple short, branched processes called _________, which receive signals from other cells and conduct messages to the _________.

Multiple Choice

  • nerve fibers; dendrites

  • nerve fibers; glial cells

  • neuroglia; cell body

  • axons; dendrites

  • dendrites; cell body

  • dendrites; cell body

23
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The basement membrane is found between _________blank and _________blank.

Multiple Choice

  • extracellular material; intracellular material

  • epithelium; extracellular material

  • epithelium; intracellular material

  • interstitial fluid; extracellular fluid

  • epithelium; connective tissue

  • epithelium; connective tissue

24
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All cells in _________blank epithelium reach the basement membrane, but only cells that reach the free surface have cilia.

Multiple Choice

  • stratified cuboidal

  • simple columnar

  • stratified squamous

  • pseudostratified columnar

  • stratified columnar

  • pseudostratified columnar

25
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The clear gel inside a cell is called _________blank.

Multiple Choice

  • interstitial fluid

  • tissue fluid

  • cytosol

  • matrix

  • ground substance

  • cytosol

26
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Nervous tissue consists predominantly of two cell types, neurons and _________blank.

Multiple Choice

  • chondrocytes

  • osteocytes

  • neuroglia

  • myocytes

  • fibroblasts

  • neuroglia

27
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Each individual osteocyte or chondrocyte resides within a little space called a(n) _____.

Multiple Choice

  • Central canal

  • Epiphyseal line

  • Lacuna

  • Medullary cavity

  • Endosteum

  • Lacuna

28
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Which type of muscle tissue is found in the walls of hollow organs?

  • Elastic muscle

  • Smooth muscle

  • Cardiac muscle

  • Organ muscle

  • Skeletal muscle

  • Smooth muscle

29
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The covering of body surfaces and the lining of body cavities is composed of _________blank tissue.

Multiple Choice

  • muscle

  • interstitial

  • nervous

  • epithelial

  • adipose

  • epithelial

30
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The shape of a person's external ear is due to the presence of _________blank.

Multiple Choice

  • dense regular connective tissue

  • ligaments

  • fibrocartilage

  • elastic cartilage

  • dense irregular connective tissue

  • elastic cartilage

31
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_________blank is/are formed partly from the secretions of glands in the external ear canal.

Multiple Choice

  • Scents

  • Cerumen

  • Sebum

  • Sweat

  • Mucus

  • Cerumen

32
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Looking at a slide of axillary skin under the microscope, you notice the presence of _________blank glands that are absent on slides of the scalp.

Multiple Choice

  • merocrine

  • sebaceous

  • ceruminous

  • apocrine

  • perspiration

  • apocrine

33
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Excessive hairiness is called _________blank.

Multiple Choice

  • alopecia

  • telogenism

  • anagenism

  • catagenism

  • hirsutism

  • hirsutism

34
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A hair cycle consists of three developmental stages in which order?

Multiple Choice

  • Anagen, catagen, and telogen

  • Anagen, telogen, and catagen

  • Catagen, telogen, and anagen

  • Catagen, anagen, and telogen

  • Telogen, anagen, and catagen

  • Anagen, catagen, and telogen

35
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The narrow zone of dead skin overhanging the proximal end of a nail is called the _________blank.

Multiple Choice

  • nail body

  • nail root

  • lunule

  • eponychium

  • nail plate

  • eponychium

36
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The ___________ glands are scent glands that respond especially to stress and sexual stimulation, and may be a source of sex pheromones.

Multiple Choice

  • mammary

  • sebaceous

  • merocrine

  • ceruminous

  • apocrine

  • apocrine

37
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Which of the following cells stand guard against toxins, microbes, and other pathogens?

Multiple Choice

  • Tactile cells

  • Melanocytes

  • Adipocytes

  • Keratinocytes

  • Dendritic cells

  • Dendritic cells

38
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Each hair grows in an oblique epithelial tube called a _________blank.

Multiple Choice

  • hair follicle

  • pilus

  • shaft

  • bulb

  • vellum

  • hair follicle

39
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The hypodermis is characterized by an abundance of which tissue?

Multiple Choice

  • Nervous tissue

  • Dense irregular connective tissue

  • Adipose tissue

  • Smooth muscle

  • Statified squamous epithelium

  • Adipose tissue

40
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A pilus is a _________blank.

Multiple Choice

  • gland associated with a hair follicle

  • hair follicle

  • tiny muscle that moves a hair

  • sensory nerve fiber around the base of a hair

  • hair

  • hair

41
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Osseous tissue is a(an) _________blank tissue.

Multiple Choice

  • epithelial

  • connective

  • dense irregular

  • dense regular

  • reticular

  • connective

42
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A decline in bone density can lead to _________blank.

Multiple Choice

  • osteomyelitis

  • osteosarcoma

  • osteoporosis

  • osteomalacia

  • rickets

  • osteoporosis

43
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The spaces found within the concentric lamellae are called _________blank, and they contain _________blank.

Multiple Choice

  • canaliculi; osteoblasts

  • lacunae; osteocytes

  • lacunae; osteoclasts

  • osteons; stem cells

  • central canals; osteocytes

  • lacunae; osteocytes

44
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The process of dissolving bone and returning its minerals to the bloodstream is known as _________blank.

Multiple Choice

  • resorption

  • ossification

  • mineral deposition

  • mineralization

  • crystallization

  • resorption

45
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A growing long bone in a child has only two areas of cartilage at the epiphysis. These two areas are the _________blank.

Multiple Choice

  • articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate

  • primary and secondary ossification centers

  • fibrocartilage and articular cartilage

  • elastic cartilage and epiphyseal plate

  • epiphyseal plate and epiphyseal line

  • articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate

46
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Intramembranous ossification produces the _________blank.

Multiple Choice

  • short bones of the wrist

  • short bones of the ankle

  • flat bones of the skull

  • irregular bones of the vertebrae

  • long bones of the limbs

  • flat bones of the skull

47
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Which of the following is not a function of the skeleton?

Multiple Choice

  • Protecting the spinal cord

  • Providing support for most muscles

  • Storage of calcium and phosphate ions

  • Protecting the brain

  • Storage of red blood cells

  • Storage of red blood cells

48
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Chondrocytes multiply in the zone of _________blank of the metaphysis.

Multiple Choice

  • cell proliferation

  • bone deposition

  • calcification

  • reserve cartilage

  • cell hypertrophy

  • cell proliferation

49
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New bone is deposited by cells known as _________blank.

Multiple Choice

  • osteoblasts

  • endosteum

  • osteoclasts

  • tunnel cells

  • periosteum

  • osteoblasts

50
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Synthesized by the combined action of the skin, kidneys, and liver, _________blank promotes bone resorption but is also necessary for bone deposition.

Multiple Choice

  • calcitriol

  • testosterone

  • calcitonin

  • growth hormone

  • estrogen

  • calcitriol

51
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The temporomandibular joint is a(n) _________blank joint.

Multiple Choice

  • osseous

  • fibrous

  • synovial

  • cartilaginous

  • bony

  • synovial

52
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The smooth, connective tissue lining that covers the opposing bony surfaces of a synovial joint is called _________blank.

Multiple Choice

  • a synovial membrane

  • a ligament

  • the joint cavity

  • articular cartilage

  • the fibrous capsule

  • articular cartilage

53
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The fibrocartilage pad between the medial condyle of the femur and the medial condyle of the tibia is called the _________blank.

Multiple Choice

  • infrapatellar bursa

  • lateral meniscus

  • anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

  • posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

  • medial meniscus

  • medial meniscus

54
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The joint between the left and right parietal bones is called the _________blank.

Multiple Choice

  • coronal suture

  • cranial joint

  • lambdoid suture

  • parietal joint

  • sagittal suture

  • sagittal suture

55
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The _________blank is not found in the elbow.

Multiple Choice

  • humeroulnar joint

  • distal radioulnar joint

  • anular ligament

  • humeroradial joint

  • proximal radioulnar joint

  • distal radioulnar joint

56
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The proximal radioulnar joint is a _________blank joint.

Multiple Choice

  • hinge

  • saddle

  • pivot

  • ball-and-socket

  • condylar

  • pivot

57
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Coronal, sagittal, and lambdoid are examples of _________blank.

Multiple Choice

  • gomphoses

  • plane sutures

  • lap sutures

  • serrate sutures

  • syndesmoses

  • serrate sutures

58
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Radial (lateral) and ulnar (medial) collateral ligaments restrict side-to-side movements of the _________blank joint.

Multiple Choice

  • wrist

  • knee

  • elbow

  • shoulder

  • hip

  • elbow

59
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The _________blank is not part of the tibiofemoral joint.

Multiple Choice

  • anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

  • fibular (lateral) collateral ligament

  • lateral meniscus

  • posterior tibiofibular ligament

  • tibial (medial) collateral ligament

  • posterior tibiofibular ligament

60
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The _________blank bursa is not an accessory structure of the glenohumeral joint.

Multiple Choice

  • subacromial

  • subcoracoid

  • subpatellar

  • subdeltoid

  • subscapular

  • subpatellar

61
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A muscle twitch produces external tension and moves an object by shortening the muscles during the _________blank phase.

Multiple Choice

  • contraction

  • relaxation

  • latent 

  • reload

  • twitch

  • contraction

62
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Which of the following has the largest mitochondria?

Multiple Choice

  • Slow oxidative fibers

  • Fast glycolytic fibers

  • Intermediate fibers

  • Smooth muscle

  • Cardiac muscle

  • Cardiac muscle

63
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Each T tubule is flanked by two _________blank.

Multiple Choice

  • thin myofilaments

  • I bands

  • terminal cisterns

  • A bands

  • thick myofilaments

  • terminal cisterns

64
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An action potential for a muscle cell is propagated along the _________blank.

Multiple Choice

  • tropomyosin

  • sarcoplasmic reticulum

  • sarcomere

  • sarcoplasm

  • sarcolemma

  • sarcolemma

65
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The protein that acts as a calcium receptor in skeletal muscle is _________blank.

Multiple Choice

  • dystrophin

  • F actin

  • tropomyosin

  • titin

  • troponin

  • troponin

66
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During muscle contraction, binding sites for myosin are uncovered by the movement of _________blank.

Multiple Choice

  • tropomyosin

  • ADP

  • titin

  • troponin

  • actin 

  • tropomyosin

67
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A myofilament that runs through the core of a thick filament and anchors it to a Z disc is called a(n) _________blank.

Multiple Choice

  • myofibril

  • sarcolemma

  • T tubule

  • elastic filament

  • thin filament

  • elastic filament

68
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Cross bridges form between binding sites on actin myofilaments and _________blank.

Multiple Choice

  • troponin

  • tropomyosin

  • calcium ions

  • myosin tails

  • myosin heads

  • myosin heads

69
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Aerobic respiration produces a net yield of approximately _________blank ATPs per glucose.

Multiple Choice

  • 48

  • 32

  • 100

  • 24

  • 12

  • 32

70
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Increased calcium ion permeability of the presynaptic terminal cell membrane is caused by _________blank.

Multiple Choice

  • acetylcholine

  • an increased concentration of calcium ions

  • an action potential

  • sodium ions

  • acetylcholinesterase

  • an action potential

71
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What is the most common type of neuron?

Multiple Choice

  • Dendritic

  • Multipolar

  • Unipolar

  • Anaxonic

  • Bipolar

  • Multipolar

72
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Which cells form myelin sheaths in the spinal cord?

Multiple Choice

  • Satellite cells

  • Microglia

  • Astrocytes

  • Schwann cells

  • Oligodendrocytes

  • Oligodendrocytes

73
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In an action potential, which event directly follows repolarization?

Multiple Choice

  • The resting membrane potential is reinstated

  • Hypopolarization of the membrane

  • Hyperpolarization of the membrane

  • Depolarization of the membrane

  • Threshold is reached

  • Hyperpolarization of the membrane

74
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A cholinergic synapse uses _________blank as its neurotransmitter.

Multiple Choice

  • acetylcholine

  • epinephrine

  • catecholamine

  • monoamine

  • norepinephrine

  • acetylcholine

75
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Where do most local potentials form in a neuron?

Multiple Choice

  • The trigger zone

  • The Schwann cells

  • The dendrites

  • The axon hillock

  • The cell bodies

  • The dendrites

76
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The _________blank division carries signals to the smooth muscle in the large intestine.

Multiple Choice

  • somatic sensory

  • afferent

  • visceral motor

  • visceral sensory

  • somatic motor

  • visceral motor

77
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What is the primary site on a neuron for receiving signals from other neurons?

Multiple Choice

  • The axons

  • The axon collaterals

  • The axon terminals

  • The cell bodies

  • The dendrites

  • The dendrites

78
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Which glial cell is found wrapped around axons in the PNS?

Multiple Choice

  • Nodes of Ranvier

  • Schwann cells

  • Ependymal cells

  • Oligodendrocytes

  • Satellite cells

  • Schwann cells

79
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What is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?

Multiple Choice

  • Acetylcholine

  • γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)

  • Epinephrine

  • Noradrenaline

  • Norepinephrine

  • γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)

80
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Conduction of a nerve impulse would be the fastest in which of the following?

Multiple Choice

  • A small axon with multiple Schwann cells

  • A small unmyelinated axon

  • A large unmyelinated axon

  • A small diameter myelinated axon

  • A large diameter myelinated axon

  • A large diameter myelinated axon

81
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Motor commands are carried by _________blank from the brain along the spinal cord.

Multiple Choice

  • cranial nerves

  • spinal nerves

  • ascending tracts

  • both anterior and posterior roots

  • descending tracts

  • descending tracts

82
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The middle layer of the meninges is called the _________blank.

Multiple Choice

  • dura mater

  • pia mater

  • arachnoid mater

  • white matter

  • gray matter

  • arachnoid mater

83
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Which of the following is an ascending tract of the spinal cord?

Multiple Choice

  • Medial reticulospinal tract

  • Vestibulospinal tract

  • Gracile fasciculus

  • Lateral tectospinal tract

  • Ventral corticospinal tract

  • Gracile fasciculus

84
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Which of the following is not considered a region of the spinal cord?

Multiple Choice

  • Sacral

  • Lumbar

  • Thoracic

  • Pelvic

  • Cervical

  • Pelvic

85
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Which of the following nerves originates in the lumbosacral plexus?

Multiple Choice

  • Ilioinguinal

  • Phrenic

  • Sciatic

  • Obturator

  • Axillary

  • Sciatic

86
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The bundle of nerve roots that occupy the vertebral canal from L2 to S5 is called the _________blank.

Multiple Choice

  • medullary cone

  • spinal cord

  • cauda equina

  • cervical enlargement

  • lumbosacral enlargement

  • cauda equina

87
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Many upper motor neurons synapse with lower motor neurons in the _________blank.

Multiple Choice

  • posterior funiculus

  • posterior horn

  • anterior horn

  • posterior root ganglion

  • anterior funiculus

  • posterior horn

88
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The connective tissue that surrounds a nerve fascicle is called the _________blank.

Multiple Choice

  • epineurium

  • endoneurium

  • perimysium

  • perineurium

  • myelin

  • perineurium

89
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A reflex in which the sensory input and motor output are on opposite sides of the spinal cord is called _________blank.

Multiple Choice

  • polysynaptic

  • intersegmental

  • ipsilateral

  • contralateral

  • monosynaptic

  • contralateral

90
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A ganglion is a _________blank.

Multiple Choice

  • bundle of axons in the CNS

  • cluster of dendrites in either the CNS or the PNS

  • cluster of cell bodies in the CNS

  • cluster of cell bodies in the PNS

  • bundle of axons in the PNS


  • cluster of cell bodies in the PNS

91
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Which of the following is correct regarding the occipital lobe?

Multiple Choice

  • It is the primary site for receiving and interpreting signals from the general senses.

  • It is likely to play a role in understanding spoken language.

  • It is chiefly concerned with mood, memory, and emotions.

  • It is the principal visual center of the brain.

  • It is concerned with voluntary motor functions.

  • It is the principal visual center of the brain.

92
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The _________blank function(s) in visual attention, such as to look and follow the flight of a butterfly.

Multiple Choice

  • substantia nigra

  • superior colliculi

  • tegmentum

  • inferior colliculi

  • red nucleus

  • superior colliculi

93
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The reticular formation is a web of _________blank scattered throughout the _________blank.

Multiple Choice

  • nerves; white matter in the cerebrum

  • cell bodies; hypothalamus

  • white matter; cerebellum

  • gray matter; brainstem

  • gray matter; cerebrum

  • gray matter; brainstem

94
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The thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus are derivatives of which embryonic structure?

Multiple Choice

  • Diencephalon

  • Metencephalon

  • Mesencephalon

  • Myelencephalon

  • Telencephalon

  • Diencephalon

95
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Which cranial nerve innervates most of the viscera in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?

Multiple Choice

  • Vagus nerve (X)

  • Abducens nerve (VI)

  • Accessory nerve (XI)

  • Trochlear nerve (IV)

  • Hypoglossal nerve (XII)

  • Vagus nerve (X)

96
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Short-term memory is associated with the _________blank, whereas long-term memory is associated with the _________blank.

Multiple Choice

  • hippocampus; cerebral cortex

  • hippocampus; midbrain

  • amygdala; hippocampus

  • cerebral cortex; amygdala

  • cerebral cortex; hippocampus

  • hippocampus; cerebral cortex

97
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The medulla oblongata originates from which structure?

Multiple Choice

  • Myelencephalon

  • Telencephalon

  • Mesencephalon

  • Metencephalon

  • Diencephalon

  • Myelencephalon

98
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The neocortex contains which of the following cells?

Multiple Choice

  • Purkinje and Schwann cells

  • Purkinje and stellate cells

  • Pyramidal and Schwann cells

  • Pyramidal and stellate cells

  • Pyramidal and Purkinje cells

  • Pyramidal and stellate cells

99
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Most gray matter of the cerebrum is located in which region?

Multiple Choice

  • Substantia nigra

  • Limbic system

  • Neocortex

  • Basal nuclei

  • Reticular formation

  • Neocortex

100
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The right and left cerebral hemispheres are separated from each other by _________blank.

Multiple Choice

  • the longitudinal fissure

  • the brainstem

  • many sulci

  • the corpus callosum

  • many gyri

  • the longitudinal fissure