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T/F Organs are made of tissues.
true
T/F Cells were first named by microscopist Robert Hooke.
True
T/F Evolutionary (Darwinian) medicine traces some of our diseases to our evolutionary past.
True
T/F Sometimes anatomical terms come from origins that do not lend any insight into their meaning.
True
Stereoscopic vision provides _________
opposition of thumbs
opposable perception
color perception
depth perception
bipedalism
depth perception
Proteoglycans are composed of ______.
Multiple Choice
nucleic acids and proteins
carbohydrates and fats
proteins and fats
carbohydrates and proteins
nucleic acids and fats
carbohydrates and proteins
Proteins perform all of the following functions except _________blank.
Multiple Choice
produce muscular and other forms of movementIncorrect
give structural strength to cells and tissues
regulate transport of solutes into and out of cells
store hereditary information
catalyze metabolic reactions
store hereditary information
A solution that resists a change in pH when an acid or base is added to it is a(n) _________blank.
Multiple Choice
catalyst
oxidizing agent
colloid
reducing agent
buffer
buffer
Carbon is very versatile in forming bonds with other atoms because it has _________blank valence electrons.
six
four
two
eight
four
Which of the following is a disaccharide?
Multiple Choice
Amylose
Lactose
Galactose
Fructose
Glucose
Lactose
Channel protein gates respond to all these stimuli except _________blank.
Multiple Choice
changes in electrical potential (voltage) across a cellular membrane
physical deformation of a cellular membrane
water in the extracellular fluid
chemical messengers
ligands
water in the extracellular fluid
The plasma membrane of cells lining the small intestine has _________, which are specialized for absorption of nutrients.
Multiple Choice
dynein arms
flagella
a glycocalyx
cilia
microvilli
microvilli
A receptor protein in the plasma membrane will not bind to just any chemical in the extracellular fluid, but only to certain ones. This property is called _________blank.
Multiple Choice
fidelity
specificity
efficacy
saturation
selectivity
specificity
Cellular membranes are permeable to _________blank, but impermeable to _________.
phosphates; wastes
proteins; nutrients
wastes; nutrients
nutrients; wastes
nutrients; proteins
nutrients; proteins
The flat-shaped cells found covering the skin are _________blank in shape.
spherical
cylindrical
squamous
cuboidal
columnar
squamous
A _________blank is composed of a granular cluster of eight proteins called _________blank with DNA wound around them.
Multiple Choice
nucleosome; histones
nucleosome; centrosomes
chromosome; histones
centromere; chromatin
chromosome; centromeres
nucleosome; histones
The G1 , S, and G2 phases of the cell cycle are collectively called _________blank.
Multiple Choice
interphase
prophase
cytokinesis
anaphase
telophase
interphase
The alleles possessed by all members of a population collectively are called the _________blank.
Multiple Choice
genetic drift
gene pool
species DNA
phenotype
population DNA
gene pool
Cytokinesis overlaps with which phase of mitosis?
Multiple Choice
Telophase
Metaphase
Prophase
The S phase
Interphase
Telophase
What is all of the DNA in a set of 23 chromosomes referred to as?
Multiple Choice
The karyotype
The genome
A centromere
A chromatid
The phenotype
The genome
Which of the following is not a type of fibrous connective tissue?
Multiple Choice
Dense irregular connective tissue
Dense regular connective tissue
Hyaline cartilage
Areolar tissue
Reticular tissue
Hyaline cartilage
Neurons usually have multiple short, branched processes called _________, which receive signals from other cells and conduct messages to the _________.
Multiple Choice
nerve fibers; dendrites
nerve fibers; glial cells
neuroglia; cell body
axons; dendrites
dendrites; cell body
dendrites; cell body
The basement membrane is found between _________blank and _________blank.
Multiple Choice
extracellular material; intracellular material
epithelium; extracellular material
epithelium; intracellular material
interstitial fluid; extracellular fluid
epithelium; connective tissue
epithelium; connective tissue
All cells in _________blank epithelium reach the basement membrane, but only cells that reach the free surface have cilia.
Multiple Choice
stratified cuboidal
simple columnar
stratified squamous
pseudostratified columnar
stratified columnar
pseudostratified columnar
The clear gel inside a cell is called _________blank.
Multiple Choice
interstitial fluid
tissue fluid
cytosol
matrix
ground substance
cytosol
Nervous tissue consists predominantly of two cell types, neurons and _________blank.
Multiple Choice
chondrocytes
osteocytes
neuroglia
myocytes
fibroblasts
neuroglia
Each individual osteocyte or chondrocyte resides within a little space called a(n) _____.
Multiple Choice
Central canal
Epiphyseal line
Lacuna
Medullary cavity
Endosteum
Lacuna
Which type of muscle tissue is found in the walls of hollow organs?
Elastic muscle
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Organ muscle
Skeletal muscle
Smooth muscle
The covering of body surfaces and the lining of body cavities is composed of _________blank tissue.
Multiple Choice
muscle
interstitial
nervous
epithelial
adipose
epithelial
The shape of a person's external ear is due to the presence of _________blank.
Multiple Choice
dense regular connective tissue
ligaments
fibrocartilage
elastic cartilage
dense irregular connective tissue
elastic cartilage
_________blank is/are formed partly from the secretions of glands in the external ear canal.
Multiple Choice
Scents
Cerumen
Sebum
Sweat
Mucus
Cerumen
Looking at a slide of axillary skin under the microscope, you notice the presence of _________blank glands that are absent on slides of the scalp.
Multiple Choice
merocrine
sebaceous
ceruminous
apocrine
perspiration
apocrine
Excessive hairiness is called _________blank.
Multiple Choice
alopecia
telogenism
anagenism
catagenism
hirsutism
hirsutism
A hair cycle consists of three developmental stages in which order?
Multiple Choice
Anagen, catagen, and telogen
Anagen, telogen, and catagen
Catagen, telogen, and anagen
Catagen, anagen, and telogen
Telogen, anagen, and catagen
Anagen, catagen, and telogen
The narrow zone of dead skin overhanging the proximal end of a nail is called the _________blank.
Multiple Choice
nail body
nail root
lunule
eponychium
nail plate
eponychium
The ___________ glands are scent glands that respond especially to stress and sexual stimulation, and may be a source of sex pheromones.
Multiple Choice
mammary
sebaceous
merocrine
ceruminous
apocrine
apocrine
Which of the following cells stand guard against toxins, microbes, and other pathogens?
Multiple Choice
Tactile cells
Melanocytes
Adipocytes
Keratinocytes
Dendritic cells
Dendritic cells
Each hair grows in an oblique epithelial tube called a _________blank.
Multiple Choice
hair follicle
pilus
shaft
bulb
vellum
hair follicle
The hypodermis is characterized by an abundance of which tissue?
Multiple Choice
Nervous tissue
Dense irregular connective tissue
Adipose tissue
Smooth muscle
Statified squamous epithelium
Adipose tissue
A pilus is a _________blank.
Multiple Choice
gland associated with a hair follicle
hair follicle
tiny muscle that moves a hair
sensory nerve fiber around the base of a hair
hair
hair
Osseous tissue is a(an) _________blank tissue.
Multiple Choice
epithelial
connective
dense irregular
dense regular
reticular
connective
A decline in bone density can lead to _________blank.
Multiple Choice
osteomyelitis
osteosarcoma
osteoporosis
osteomalacia
rickets
osteoporosis
The spaces found within the concentric lamellae are called _________blank, and they contain _________blank.
Multiple Choice
canaliculi; osteoblasts
lacunae; osteocytes
lacunae; osteoclasts
osteons; stem cells
central canals; osteocytes
lacunae; osteocytes
The process of dissolving bone and returning its minerals to the bloodstream is known as _________blank.
Multiple Choice
resorption
ossification
mineral deposition
mineralization
crystallization
resorption
A growing long bone in a child has only two areas of cartilage at the epiphysis. These two areas are the _________blank.
Multiple Choice
articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate
primary and secondary ossification centers
fibrocartilage and articular cartilage
elastic cartilage and epiphyseal plate
epiphyseal plate and epiphyseal line
articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate
Intramembranous ossification produces the _________blank.
Multiple Choice
short bones of the wrist
short bones of the ankle
flat bones of the skull
irregular bones of the vertebrae
long bones of the limbs
flat bones of the skull
Which of the following is not a function of the skeleton?
Multiple Choice
Protecting the spinal cord
Providing support for most muscles
Storage of calcium and phosphate ions
Protecting the brain
Storage of red blood cells
Storage of red blood cells
Chondrocytes multiply in the zone of _________blank of the metaphysis.
Multiple Choice
cell proliferation
bone deposition
calcification
reserve cartilage
cell hypertrophy
cell proliferation
New bone is deposited by cells known as _________blank.
Multiple Choice
osteoblasts
endosteum
osteoclasts
tunnel cells
periosteum
osteoblasts
Synthesized by the combined action of the skin, kidneys, and liver, _________blank promotes bone resorption but is also necessary for bone deposition.
Multiple Choice
calcitriol
testosterone
calcitonin
growth hormone
estrogen
calcitriol
The temporomandibular joint is a(n) _________blank joint.
Multiple Choice
osseous
fibrous
synovial
cartilaginous
bony
synovial
The smooth, connective tissue lining that covers the opposing bony surfaces of a synovial joint is called _________blank.
Multiple Choice
a synovial membrane
a ligament
the joint cavity
articular cartilage
the fibrous capsule
articular cartilage
The fibrocartilage pad between the medial condyle of the femur and the medial condyle of the tibia is called the _________blank.
Multiple Choice
infrapatellar bursa
lateral meniscus
anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
medial meniscus
medial meniscus
The joint between the left and right parietal bones is called the _________blank.
Multiple Choice
coronal suture
cranial joint
lambdoid suture
parietal joint
sagittal suture
sagittal suture
The _________blank is not found in the elbow.
Multiple Choice
humeroulnar joint
distal radioulnar joint
anular ligament
humeroradial joint
proximal radioulnar joint
distal radioulnar joint
The proximal radioulnar joint is a _________blank joint.
Multiple Choice
hinge
saddle
pivot
ball-and-socket
condylar
pivot
Coronal, sagittal, and lambdoid are examples of _________blank.
Multiple Choice
gomphoses
plane sutures
lap sutures
serrate sutures
syndesmoses
serrate sutures
Radial (lateral) and ulnar (medial) collateral ligaments restrict side-to-side movements of the _________blank joint.
Multiple Choice
wrist
knee
elbow
shoulder
hip
elbow
The _________blank is not part of the tibiofemoral joint.
Multiple Choice
anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
fibular (lateral) collateral ligament
lateral meniscus
posterior tibiofibular ligament
tibial (medial) collateral ligament
posterior tibiofibular ligament
The _________blank bursa is not an accessory structure of the glenohumeral joint.
Multiple Choice
subacromial
subcoracoid
subpatellar
subdeltoid
subscapular
subpatellar
A muscle twitch produces external tension and moves an object by shortening the muscles during the _________blank phase.
Multiple Choice
contraction
relaxation
latent
reload
twitch
contraction
Which of the following has the largest mitochondria?
Multiple Choice
Slow oxidative fibers
Fast glycolytic fibers
Intermediate fibers
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Cardiac muscle
Each T tubule is flanked by two _________blank.
Multiple Choice
thin myofilaments
I bands
terminal cisterns
A bands
thick myofilaments
terminal cisterns
An action potential for a muscle cell is propagated along the _________blank.
Multiple Choice
tropomyosin
sarcoplasmic reticulum
sarcomere
sarcoplasm
sarcolemma
sarcolemma
The protein that acts as a calcium receptor in skeletal muscle is _________blank.
Multiple Choice
dystrophin
F actin
tropomyosin
titin
troponin
troponin
During muscle contraction, binding sites for myosin are uncovered by the movement of _________blank.
Multiple Choice
tropomyosin
ADP
titin
troponin
actin
tropomyosin
A myofilament that runs through the core of a thick filament and anchors it to a Z disc is called a(n) _________blank.
Multiple Choice
myofibril
sarcolemma
T tubule
elastic filament
thin filament
elastic filament
Cross bridges form between binding sites on actin myofilaments and _________blank.
Multiple Choice
troponin
tropomyosin
calcium ions
myosin tails
myosin heads
myosin heads
Aerobic respiration produces a net yield of approximately _________blank ATPs per glucose.
Multiple Choice
48
32
100
24
12
32
Increased calcium ion permeability of the presynaptic terminal cell membrane is caused by _________blank.
Multiple Choice
acetylcholine
an increased concentration of calcium ions
an action potential
sodium ions
acetylcholinesterase
an action potential
What is the most common type of neuron?
Multiple Choice
Dendritic
Multipolar
Unipolar
Anaxonic
Bipolar
Multipolar
Which cells form myelin sheaths in the spinal cord?
Multiple Choice
Satellite cells
Microglia
Astrocytes
Schwann cells
Oligodendrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
In an action potential, which event directly follows repolarization?
Multiple Choice
The resting membrane potential is reinstated
Hypopolarization of the membrane
Hyperpolarization of the membrane
Depolarization of the membrane
Threshold is reached
Hyperpolarization of the membrane
A cholinergic synapse uses _________blank as its neurotransmitter.
Multiple Choice
acetylcholine
epinephrine
catecholamine
monoamine
norepinephrine
acetylcholine
Where do most local potentials form in a neuron?
Multiple Choice
The trigger zone
The Schwann cells
The dendrites
The axon hillock
The cell bodies
The dendrites
The _________blank division carries signals to the smooth muscle in the large intestine.
Multiple Choice
somatic sensory
afferent
visceral motor
visceral sensory
somatic motor
visceral motor
What is the primary site on a neuron for receiving signals from other neurons?
Multiple Choice
The axons
The axon collaterals
The axon terminals
The cell bodies
The dendrites
The dendrites
Which glial cell is found wrapped around axons in the PNS?
Multiple Choice
Nodes of Ranvier
Schwann cells
Ependymal cells
Oligodendrocytes
Satellite cells
Schwann cells
What is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?
Multiple Choice
Acetylcholine
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Epinephrine
Noradrenaline
Norepinephrine
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Conduction of a nerve impulse would be the fastest in which of the following?
Multiple Choice
A small axon with multiple Schwann cells
A small unmyelinated axon
A large unmyelinated axon
A small diameter myelinated axon
A large diameter myelinated axon
A large diameter myelinated axon
Motor commands are carried by _________blank from the brain along the spinal cord.
Multiple Choice
cranial nerves
spinal nerves
ascending tracts
both anterior and posterior roots
descending tracts
descending tracts
The middle layer of the meninges is called the _________blank.
Multiple Choice
dura mater
pia mater
arachnoid mater
white matter
gray matter
arachnoid mater
Which of the following is an ascending tract of the spinal cord?
Multiple Choice
Medial reticulospinal tract
Vestibulospinal tract
Gracile fasciculus
Lateral tectospinal tract
Ventral corticospinal tract
Gracile fasciculus
Which of the following is not considered a region of the spinal cord?
Multiple Choice
Sacral
Lumbar
Thoracic
Pelvic
Cervical
Pelvic
Which of the following nerves originates in the lumbosacral plexus?
Multiple Choice
Ilioinguinal
Phrenic
Sciatic
Obturator
Axillary
Sciatic
The bundle of nerve roots that occupy the vertebral canal from L2 to S5 is called the _________blank.
Multiple Choice
medullary cone
spinal cord
cauda equina
cervical enlargement
lumbosacral enlargement
cauda equina
Many upper motor neurons synapse with lower motor neurons in the _________blank.
Multiple Choice
posterior funiculus
posterior horn
anterior horn
posterior root ganglion
anterior funiculus
posterior horn
The connective tissue that surrounds a nerve fascicle is called the _________blank.
Multiple Choice
epineurium
endoneurium
perimysium
perineurium
myelin
perineurium
A reflex in which the sensory input and motor output are on opposite sides of the spinal cord is called _________blank.
Multiple Choice
polysynaptic
intersegmental
ipsilateral
contralateral
monosynaptic
contralateral
A ganglion is a _________blank.
Multiple Choice
bundle of axons in the CNS
cluster of dendrites in either the CNS or the PNS
cluster of cell bodies in the CNS
cluster of cell bodies in the PNS
bundle of axons in the PNS
cluster of cell bodies in the PNS
Which of the following is correct regarding the occipital lobe?
Multiple Choice
It is the primary site for receiving and interpreting signals from the general senses.
It is likely to play a role in understanding spoken language.
It is chiefly concerned with mood, memory, and emotions.
It is the principal visual center of the brain.
It is concerned with voluntary motor functions.
It is the principal visual center of the brain.
The _________blank function(s) in visual attention, such as to look and follow the flight of a butterfly.
Multiple Choice
substantia nigra
superior colliculi
tegmentum
inferior colliculi
red nucleus
superior colliculi
The reticular formation is a web of _________blank scattered throughout the _________blank.
Multiple Choice
nerves; white matter in the cerebrum
cell bodies; hypothalamus
white matter; cerebellum
gray matter; brainstem
gray matter; cerebrum
gray matter; brainstem
The thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus are derivatives of which embryonic structure?
Multiple Choice
Diencephalon
Metencephalon
Mesencephalon
Myelencephalon
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Which cranial nerve innervates most of the viscera in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?
Multiple Choice
Vagus nerve (X)
Abducens nerve (VI)
Accessory nerve (XI)
Trochlear nerve (IV)
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Vagus nerve (X)
Short-term memory is associated with the _________blank, whereas long-term memory is associated with the _________blank.
Multiple Choice
hippocampus; cerebral cortex
hippocampus; midbrain
amygdala; hippocampus
cerebral cortex; amygdala
cerebral cortex; hippocampus
hippocampus; cerebral cortex
The medulla oblongata originates from which structure?
Multiple Choice
Myelencephalon
Telencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Diencephalon
Myelencephalon
The neocortex contains which of the following cells?
Multiple Choice
Purkinje and Schwann cells
Purkinje and stellate cells
Pyramidal and Schwann cells
Pyramidal and stellate cells
Pyramidal and Purkinje cells
Pyramidal and stellate cells
Most gray matter of the cerebrum is located in which region?
Multiple Choice
Substantia nigra
Limbic system
Neocortex
Basal nuclei
Reticular formation
Neocortex
The right and left cerebral hemispheres are separated from each other by _________blank.
Multiple Choice
the longitudinal fissure
the brainstem
many sulci
the corpus callosum
many gyri
the longitudinal fissure