Introduction to Moral Philosophy and Moral Reasoning

When did the ADHA adopt its first code of ethics?

1926

_____ consists of thoughts & ideas about morality

ethics

______ are concerned with the principle behind the action.

deontologists

______ are concerned with the results of an action.

teleologists

Which group emphasize duties, or an obligation/act that has to/ought to be done regardless of its consequences?

deontologists

Do deontologists or teleologists believe that one should tell the truth no matter what happens as a result?

deontologists

Absolute, prima facie, & conditional fall under which principle?

deontology

______ is binding under all circumstances?

absolute

True/False: Prima facie is determined by the present situation & made obvious by the circumstances surrounding it.

true

Treating a patient who is in pain even though they in after the patient who was scheduled for routine treatment would fall under which idea of deontology?

prima facie

This idea of deontology comes into being after certain conditions are met.

conditional

Supporting unemployed persons only after they try to learn new skills that may enable them to find jobs would fall under which idea of deontology?

conditional

Teleology is also called what?

consequentialism

Which principle considers the consequences of telling the truth versus the consequences of lying & may find that lying is morally justified in a specific circumstance?

teleology

What are the three major ethical theories?

utilitarianism, kantian ethics, & virtue ethics

This major ethical theory recommends that we seek the 'general' happiness in society rather than our own happiness.

utilitarianism

What are the two types of utilitarians?

act & rule

______-utilitarians are concerned with individual acts - because its the right thing to do & acting in a certain way promotes general happiness, so it is a good action.

act

Which type of utilitarian is concerned with the rule from which an action is derived - because it's the rule & believe that the goodness of an action depends on whether it is justified by a rule or not.

rule

With the idea of selective polishing in mind, which type of utilitarian would give the illusion that they are polishing to please the patient?

act

With the idea of selective polishing in mind, which type of utilitarian would not agree with the idea of deceiving the patient by pretending to polish?

rule

Which major ethical theory believes that moral acts are right intrinsically regardless of their results or consequences?

kantian ethics

True/False: Kantian ethic theories believe that acts lose moral worth when they are done to attain an aim or for personal gain.

true

_____ ______ places emphasis on character traits of individuals. It describes a person which thinks & acts morally & in the best possible way for a given situation.

virtue ethics

______ emphasizes consequences.

teleology

______ emphasizes duties.

deontology

_____ ______ emphasizes character traits.

virtue ethics

_____ _____ are selected ethical principles considered central to a particular code of ethics.

core values

How many core values does the ADHA have?

This is a core value of the ADHA that has to do with the patient being able to control his/her actions (self-governing).

autonomy

______ consent is the patient's acceptance of a line of treatment based on the information provided by a health care provider.

informed

Which core value has to do with holding information entrusted by the patient in confidence?

confidentiality

When is it okay to disclose confidential information?

a. in an emergency

b. to protect third parties

c. when required by law

d. mental illness (requesting commitment or hospitalization)

e. to guardian or substitute decision maker of incompetent patient

f. all of the above

all of the above

This is a core value that is used to ensure the trust that patients & society have in dental hygienist.

societal trust

This is the term used to describe doing no harm.

non-maleficence

What term is used to describe doing what will benefit a person?

beneficence

This is the core value that has to do with being fair & impartial.

justice

This is the core value that has to do with the duty of telling the truth.

veracity

This is the term used to describe being faithful to promises & obligations, abiding by rules & regulation, meeting all reasonable expectations, & acting in the best interest of the patient.

fidelity

This term is used to describe acting like a parent with the intent to protect or enhance the interests of a person at a time when that person is unable or unwilling to protect his/her own interests.

paternalism/parentalism

____ becomes a problem with the person on whose behalf another person is acting as a competent adult.

paternalism/parentalism

This term is used to describe the usefulness of an action.

utility

Can beneficence or non-maleficence solve the conflicts & competing needs in society?

no

A ______ is a situation necessitating a choice between two equal, especially undesirable alternatives.

dilemma

What occurs when one or more ethical principles are in conflict?

ethical dilemma

What are these the steps for?

1. Gather the facts

2. Identify all relevant values

3. Examine/evaluate options

4. Choose the best solution from an ethical point of view

5. Justify the solution

making an ethical decision