Bio137 Intro

Anatomy

The study of body structure (what)

Physiology

The study of body function (why)

Ways to examine the human body

inspection, palpation, auscultation, percussion, dissection, medical imaging

A patient comes to the clinic to have their annual check up. You put a stethoscope to listen to the patient's heart, what examination is this? You tap the body and listen for sounds of abnormalities, what type is this?

Auscultation, percussion

Microscopic ways to examine the human body

histology (tissues) & cytology (cells)

comparative anatomy

The comparison of body structures and how they vary among species

comparative physiology

study of different species to learn about body functions

Robert Hooke (1635-1703)

creator of microscope, only magnified 30x, able to first see & name cells

Anthony van Leeuwenhoek

invented the simple microscope

Theodor Schwann & Matthias Schlieden

Stated that all living things are composed of cells (cell theory)

20th Century Medicine

genetics, advanced medical imaging

Scientific Method

A logical, systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problem

types: Inductive method & hypo-deductive method

Inductive Reasoning

observation, pattern, hypothesis, theory

\-- the understanding of anatomy

Deductive Reasoning

theory, hypothesis, observation, confirmation

\-- questions, hypothesis, test, analyze, conclusion

Key Elements of Experimental Design

Size, Control vs. Treatment group, placebo, removal of bias, statistical testing, peer review

Fact

observation that has been repeatedly confirmed

Law

detailed description of how some aspect of the natural world works

Theory

Explains why through facts, hypothesis, and laws

Human Origins & Adaptations

development of cell theory & natural selection

Natural Selection: Evolution

Charles Darwin (Father of Evolution)

Survival of the fittest

fitness, selective pressures, adaptions

common ancestor

Human Structure Hierarchy

atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Characteristics of Life

organization, cellular composition, metabolism, responsiveness, homeostasis, development, reproduction, evolution

Anatomical Variation

no two humans are exactly alike. 70% most common structure, 30% anatomically variant.

Physiological Variation

weight, age, sex, diet

body maintaining homeostasis

dynamic equilibrium

set point

feedback loops control equilibrium & body responses

Feedback Loops Components

set point, sensor/receptor, integrating (control center), effector

Set Point

Variable, some change to the set point for the variable

Sensor/Receptors

identify change

Integrating (Control Center)

interpret change/determine response

Effectors

act out of change

Positive Feedback Loops

self amplifying change

stimuli leads to an even greater change

example - birth

Negative Feedback Loops

response brings variable back to set point (increasing or decreasing)

signals shut off at homeostasis

MOST of our functions work this way

Patient decides to go on a run. During the run, the patient's body temperature increase. What happens?

Stimuli \-- running

Variable \-- body temperature

Sensors \-- receptors in the body

Control Center \-- brain

Effectors \-- Sweating

Negative Feedback Mechanism

Gradients

change in location 1 and 2

high to low (no energy)

low to high (energy)